schematic depicting how the cellular GTP:GDP concentration ratio facilitates the mechanism whereby GEFs induce G proteins to exchange GTP for GDP.
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Draw a schematic depicting how the cellular GTP:GDP concentration ratio facilitates the mechanism whereby GEFs induce G proteins to exchange GTP for GDP.
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- Please ASAP. Thank you. 1. How do you activate and inactivate protein kinase A?fill in the blanks ASAP 10 min 1. ___________ occurs when the number of protein kinases activated in a signal transduction pathway increases as the message is relayed down the transduction pathway. 2. which contains more potential energy, 225 grams of glucose or 225 grams of fat?Discuss Concepts There are molecules called GTP analogs that resemble GTP so closely that they can be bound by G proteins. However, they cannot be hydrolyzed by cellular GTPases. What differences in effect would you expect if you inject GTP or a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog into a liver cell that responds to glucagon?
- Need help. A protein X binds Ligand Y. The kon characterizing this binding is 1 x 106 M-1s-1, koff is 2 x 10-3 M-1s-1. In your in vitro X-Y binding experiment, at what concentration of Ligand Y half of the Protein X would be bound to Y. Assume that the binding is according to the Lock-and-key model27) One of the main differences between receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is that: GPCR signaling involves enzyme cascades, while RTK signaling does not. Only RTK signaling involves kinase activity. Only GPCR signaling involves a GTPase. GPCR signaling is more likely to have a short-term, reversible effect.Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?
- Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Why have G proteins not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently?Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Propose a theory as to why G proteins have not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently.Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?
- More than 500 genes have been identified in the human genome that code for protein kinases. What does such identification imply regarding the role of protein kinases in cellular functions? Explain your answer.NO answer needs more than 2 sentences, some require just a couple words. 7. GTP-y-s is an analog of GTP that cannot be hydrolyzed. How would you expect a Co-IP experiment between G-alpha and G-beta proteins to differ in the presence of GTP-y-a and GDP? 8. An epithelial cell line expressed a fluorescence-based cAMP biosensor in all cells, but only expressed a GPCR in ~30% of those cells. When you treated the cells with the GPCR ligand, fluorescence from the cAMP sensor immediately turned on in most cells (not just those expressing the GPCR). In one sentence suggest a simple explanation for why cAMP increased in non-GPCR-expressing cells. 9. Taxol is a drug that inhibits microtubule dynamics and is often used for cancer chemotherapy because it preferentially affects dividing cells. What microtubule-based structure is likely disrupted by Taxol so that it specifically affects proliferating cells? 10. Patients with Marfan’s syndrome have a mutation in the fibrillin gene and are at risk of…In this module, we learned about G protein function as a binary switch. G proteins have an intrinsic enzymatic ability to hydrolyze GTP to GDP + Pi. Why, then, would a cell need additional G protein controls like GEFs or GAPs? What advantages do you see this providing?
