Six single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci are known to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is certain if eight or more of the alleles at these six loci are of the “contributing” variety. An uppercase letter indicates an allele that contributes to diabetes and a lowercase symbol indicates a

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and is often fatal. “XD” represents the wild type allele, and “Xd,” the mutant allele. Jonah is XDXd Y and his brother Pete is Xd Y. Jonah and Pete BOTH have DMD of equal severity and phenotypes. You might have thought Jonah’s DMD would be less severe given his genotype. To better understand the situation, you investigate Jonah’s Xist chromosome region in his defective muscle cells. Which of the following is consistent with his phenotype? (Select all that apply.) The Xd-containing chromosome is inactive in defective muscle cells. The XD-containing chromosome has a methylated Xist promoter. The XD-containing chromosome has an unmethylated Xist promoter. The Xd-containing chromosome is active in defective muscle cells.

Achondroplasia is a hereditary condition caused by a dominant allele in humans (dominant allele A). This disorder affects bone growth specifically in long bones of the upper and lower limbs by preventing the ossification of bones from cartilage. Determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring for the following family scenarios in a and b below.  Two parents who have the Achondroplasia phenotype have 4 children where 1 is normal NOTE: You must draw a Punnet square to determine the possible genotypes of te children. When two alternative genotypes are possible for an individual, indicate both.

A couple finds out that both the male and the female are heterozygotes (carriers) for Tay Sachs. Draw a punnet square for this couple. What is the likelihood that this couple will have an offspring with Tay Sachs?

Sickle cell anemia is a genetically inherited autosomal recessive trait in which results in a condition that there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body due to the production of red blood cells that are sickle shaped. The frequency of the sickle cell condition is as high as 10% in Central Africa compared to 0.5% in the United States. Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that infects healthy red blood cells and can lead to death. However, the parasite is not able to infect sickle cell red blood cells. Scientists claim that the higher frequency of sickle cell carriers is due to the presence of malaria. Provide reasoning to support the claim.