Suppose a byte-addressable computer using set-associative cache has 216 bytes of main memory and a cache of 32 blocks, and each cache block contains 8 bytes.Q.) If this cache is 2-way set associative, what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache; that is, what are the sizes of the tag, set, and offset fields?

Suppose a malloc implementation returns 8-byte aligned addresses and uses an explicit free list where the next and previous pointers are each 32-bits. Blocks have a 32-bit header and 32-bit footer, where the low-order bit of the header and footer are used to indicate whether the block is allocated (1) or free (0). Furthermore, the block size (which includes the header, payload, footer, and any necessary padding) is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 8, and this size (in bytes) is stored in the header and footer. Assume any padding must be between the payload and the footer.If we call malloc(1), what block size will be allocated, in bytes? With the same conditions as #1, and assuming we've already called malloc(1), if the heap used by malloc starts at address 0x4000 (16384 in decimal), what address would be returned if we then called malloc(32)?

4. The figure below shows an 8-way interleaved, byte-addressable memory. The total size of the memory is 4 KB. The elements A[i]G) of a 2-dimensional array A are 4-bytes (one-word) in length and can be stored in the memory as shown, where 0 < ij <7. The width of the bus between CPU and memory is 32 bits, that is, it can carry only one word at a time. Bank 1 Bank 7 Bank 0 31 7 A[7][0] A[I][0] A[0]|0] 32 A[7]1] 64 A[7]|2] A[I][2] A[0||2] RANKO 255 224 AI기기 A[I][7] A[0||7) RANKN ...... Since the address space of the memory is 4 KB, 12 bits are needed to uniquely identify each memory location, i.e., Addr[11:0]. Find out and explain which bits of the address will be used for: • Byte on bus: Addr […... :...] Bank index bits within a bank: Addr [.... .] • Chip select address bits within a rank: Addr […... .] • Rank bits: Addr […... :....]

Suppose a computer system uses 16-bit addresses for both its virtual and physical addresses. In addition, assume each page (and frame) has size 256 bytes. How many bits are used for the page number? How many bits are used for the offset? 8 bits each. With this system, what’s the maximum number of pages that a process can have? 256 Suppose that each entry in the page table comprises 4 bytes (including the frame number, the valid bit, and miscellaneous “bookkeeping bits”). An OS uses an array to store the page table. What is the size of the page table? 1024 Bytes Furthermore, suppose the first 6 pages of a process map to frames 222 to 227 (as decimal numbers), and the last 5 pages of the process map to frames 1 to 5 (also decimal numbers). All other pages are invalid. Draw the page table, including the valid bit and the frame number. DONE Translate the following virtual addresses to physical addresses, and show how you obtain the answers. (Hint: You do not need to convert…

CA_6 We study the properties of cache memory, and for reasons of easier design and efficient circuits, we assume that the cache capacity is 2i Bytes, and cache line size is 2j Bytes, with i and j being natural numbers:  (a)  How many bits should the tag field have? And can the tag field contain 0 bit (i.e., be empty)? Elaborate  (b)  Repeat the above for the index field. (c)  Repeat the above for the byte-offset field. (d) Finally, depict a figure showing a cache line, indicate what fields it possibly has, state the possible sizes of these fields, and explain the uses of these fields.

Convert the following Compact Memory Notation diagram into an Array Memory Notation diagram. Assume the addresses are 4-bit binary values and the data are 8-bit binary values. Hint: The solution to this question is simply the reformatted diagram in Array Notation.

Fill in blank Suppose that linear page table is used where the memory addresses are 12-bit binary numbers and the page size is 256 bytes. If a virtual address in binary format is 101000011100, then the VPN (virtual page number) in binary format will be ---------

1. Caches are important to providing a high-performance memory hierarchy to processors. Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses. 42, 137, 66, 50, 38, 225, 173, 22, 19, 88, 51, 43 a. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct mapped cache with 16 one-word blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. b. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct mapped cache with two-word blocks and a total size of 8 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. Please explain the process.

Suppose we have a byte-addressable computer with a cache that holds 16 blocks of 4 bytes address has 8 bits, to which cache set would the hexadecimal address OxBE map if the computer mapping? each. Assuming that each memory uses 2-way set associative

.2: Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses. 3, 180, 43, 2, 191, 88, 253 For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct- mapped cache with 16 one-word blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with 2-word blocks and a total size of 8 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with 4-word blocks and a total size of 8 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty.