suppose atmospheric co2 is growing at 2 ppm/yr, fossil and cement emission are 9 GtC/yr and the air borne fraction is 38 percent. if the only other carbon emission are associated with land use changes, estimate their net carbin emission rate
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suppose atmospheric co2 is growing at 2 ppm/yr, fossil and cement emission are 9 GtC/yr and the air borne fraction is 38 percent. if the only other carbon emission are associated with land use changes, estimate their net carbin emission rate
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- Suppose the aggregate MAC function is 100 - 20W and aggregate MD = 5W for a polluting industry. What would the polluting industry's total abatement costs equal if it faced an emissions tax rate equal to 20 dollars per unit emitted? A. 60 B. 20 C. 10 D. 0Assuming a $7 per unit tax is imposed, the net efficiency loss to the economy will be $______. a) 10 b) 12 c) 14 d) 16 e) 19 f) 28 g) 36 h) 48 i) 66 j) 70 k) 84Assuming a $7 per unit tax is imposed, the net efficiency loss to the economy will be $______.
- A local college is deciding whether to conduct a campus beautification initiative that would involve various projects, such as planting trees and remodeling buildings, to make the campus more aesthetically pleasing. For the students of the college, the visual appearance of the campus isnonrival andnonexcludable . Thus, the visual appearance would be classified as a public good. Suppose the college administrators estimate that the beautification initiative will cost $61,110. To decide whether the initiative should be undertaken, administrators conduct a survey of the college's 2,240 students, asking each of them their willingness to pay for the beautification project. The average willingness to pay, as revealed by the survey, is $20. The benefit of the beautification initiative, as suggested by the survey, is . Because the estimated benefit is than the cost, the college administrators undertake the beautification initiative. The calculation of the benefit of…Suppose there is a public park. The annual cost of maintenance is $200,000. Visiting the park is free, and it is visited 210,000 times every year. However, to fund better maintenance of the park, the government wants to make visitors pay $4.70 per visit. Implementing a security system (to prevent visitors from sneaking into the park) will cost $0.50 per visit and $260,000 in annual fixed expenditures. At the same time, maintenance costs are expected to rise by 23%, not including security costs. The number of visits to the park is expected to fall by 34%It is well established that indoor air quality (IAQ) has a significant effect on general health and productivity of employees at a workplace. A study showed that enhancing IAQ by increasing the building ventilation from 5 cfm (cubic feet per minute) to 20 cfm increased the productivity by 0.25 percent, valued at $90 per person per year, and decreased the respiratory illnesses by 10 percent for an average annual savings of $39 per person while increasing the annual energy consumption by $6 and the equipment cost by about $4 per person per year (ASHRAE Journal, December 1998). For a workplace with 120 employees, determine the net monetary benefit of installing an enhanced IAQ system to the employer per year.
- Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a well-known factor contributing to environmental degradation.Assume that two power plants are built in Kuala Lumpur. The SO2 emissions exceed the emission standard. To meet the standard, 10 units of SO2 must be abated in total. The two power plants have the following total abatement costs: Firm 1: TAC1 = 1.25(A1)^2 Firm 2: TAC2 = 0.3125(A2)^2 i. Prove that a uniform standard will not result in cost-effectiveness solution. ii. Determine how the abatement level should be reallocated across the two firms to cost-effectiveness criteria. iii. Since the externality of SO2 is present, government should intervene to reduce theproblem. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.Suppose that the annual maintenance cost of a public park is $40,000. The park has no entrance fee and the local government is under considerable pressure to sell it to urban developers. You are asked to estimate the value of the park to the public by using the travel cost method. The park is visited by people living in five concentric zones around it. Each zone has a population of 5000, and the total travel cost for a visit to the park from zone i is given by TCi = 4 (i -1), where i = 1,...,5. For each zone, the estimated relationship between visitation rate V (defined as annual number of visits/(population of zone/1000)) and total travel cost (TC) is given by V = 100 - 5 TC. (a) For each zone, obtain an equation relating the total number of visits from that zone to different levels of a hypothetical fee charged per visit.If a regulator underestimates the aggregate marginal abatement cost of an industry when determining the “efficient” level of emissions, the true efficient level of emissions will be? (higher, lower or same). Hint: construct a graph with AMAC and MD.
- You have been asked to evaluate whether a project to preserve an area of forest should go ahead or whether the land should be converted to agriculture. The net benefits of ecosystem goods and services have been valued over the next four years at R6000, R10 000, R14 000 and R22 000 respectively. The immediate cost of preserving the forest is R23 500. Assume that MWTP = 90 - 3Q and MC = 10 + 2Q. The discount rate is 7%.Assume the relationship between the growth of a fish population and the population size can be represented as g= 8S – 0.2S2, where g is the growth in tons and S is the size of the population (in thousands of tons) a. Given a price of $100 a ton of fish, what is the marginal benefit of smaller population sizes? b. Estimate the population size that is compatible with the maximum sustainable yield. What would be the size of the annual catch if the population were to be sustained at this level? c. If the marginal cost of additional catches (represented in terms of the population size) is MC= 3(120-S), what is the population size that is compatible with the efficient sustainable yield? d. Is there a difference between the maximum sustainable yield you calculated in part (b) and the efficient sustainable yield in part (c)? Why or why not? Explain briefly (in 1 paragraph or less)As part of their decarbonization efforts, oil and gas corporations are developing solutions such as carbon capture technologies. Analyze the impact of the low-carbon energy transition on the oil and gas industry.