The function of the PTEN phosphatase in the Pl-3 kinase signaling pathway. The loss of function mutation in PTEN promotes cancer. The prediction of the constitutively active PTEN effect on cell growth and survival.
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- Secondary messengers and their role in the mechanisms of hormonal influence on target cells: phosphoinositidesCell signaling involves only one molecule, the receptor. True FalseInsulin binding to its cellular receptor causes dimerization and phosphorylation of ( ) and assembly of a ( ) membrane transporter.
- True or false? Integrins consists of 2 subunits alpha and beta and can switch between a folded inactive form to an extended active form once intracellular signaling is conveyed. True or false? Disulfide bonds between aspartate residues are commonly thought to confer extra rigidity and stability to the fibronectin protein.Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 Applying signal transduction mechanisms in the context of Type I and Type II Diabetes. Describe the mechanisms by which a cell receives a message and translates it into short-term or long-term effects. Including the role of phosphorylation and feedback inhibition.How signaling responses that involve changes in proteins occur in milliseconds to seconds but responses that require changes in gene expression require minutes to hours.
- In biological tissues, what is the average concentration of cell signaling chemicals? Strictly no plagiarism.Properties of somatotropic hormone. Hypo- and hyperfunction.Exposing cells to which of the following drugs would inhibit the slow output response of a cell to a signaling ligandwithout having an effect on the fast output response ? A. Latrunculin - a molecule isolated from sponges, which binds near the nucleotide-binding cleft of monomericactin.B. Taxol - a molecule isolated from the bark of the pacific yew, which that stabilizes microtubules.C. Alpha-amanitin - a molecule isolated from deathcap mushrooms, which blocks RNA polymerase II.D. Phalloidin - a molecule isolated from deathcap mushrooms that stabilizes f-actin.E. Sodium orthovanadate - a molecule that inhibits alkaline and tyrosine phosphatases.
- How phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation as opposed to allosteric binding of small molecules has evolved to play a prominent role in switching proteins on and off in signaling pathways.Epinephrine causes a liver cell to produce glucose from glycogen in a flight-or-fight response. In the signaling pathway triggered by the specific receptor binding, explain the mechanism for activation of Protein kinase A (PKA). indicate what mechanism/s for enzyme regulation is/are involved in the process (focus on the activation of PKA in response to epinephrine and draw what happens to the enzyme ie how it becomes activated).Describe the function(s) of Endocrine signaling and explain a possible medical consequence if this type of signaling malfunctioned. You may give a specific example of an actual medical condition OR describe it in more generalized terms.