The intercellular lactate shuttle refers to... Cytosolic lactate being transported into the mitochondria to be oxidized Cytosolic lactate diffusing into the blood stream for transport to the liver, heart, and other muscles Cytosolic lactate being transported into adjacent muscle fibers to be oxidized
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The intercellular lactate shuttle refers to...
-
Cytosolic lactate being transported into the mitochondria to be oxidized
-
Cytosolic lactate diffusing into the blood stream for transport to the liver, heart, and other muscles
-
Cytosolic lactate being transported into adjacent muscle fibers to be oxidized
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Solved in 3 steps
- Glucagon increases hepatic gluconeogenesis by decreasing the cytosolic concentration of which of the following?A) AMPB) Calcium C) cAMPD) cGMPE) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphateit is known that exercise is good for diabetics. explain how GLUT 4 transporters may be involved in this beneficial effect of exercise.A)Carrier of the activated amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into the growing peptide chain. B)Molecule that attaches to myosin and actin during muscle contraction. C)The reduced cofactor important in the TCA cycle and used in the last part of respiration. Please identify the terms.
- Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levelsHaving been carried from adipose tissue in the bloodstream, fatty acids are taken into muscle by transporters such as____________Muscle glycogen stores would be broken down during an exercise bout lasting several hours because ________. A. exercising muscle can only utilize glucose for energy for long-term exercise B. glycogen can enter the mitochondria and produce more ATP than glucose C.exercising muscle utilizes both glucose and free fatty acids for energy during long-term exercise D. exercising muscle needs the fatty acids released from glycogen for energy
- Through anaerobic repsiration, cellular pyruvic acid is converted to? A. Lactic acid B. Glucose C. ATP D. Fatty acidsWhich one of the following statements concerning disorders of muscle metabolism presented in class is incorrect? a) Mutations in animals can spread rapidly because of line breeding to prolific males. b) The low rate of metabolism and ATP consumption in muscle and nerve makes effects of mitochondrial myopathies less observable in these tissues. c) Glycogen storage diseases resulting from mutations in glycolytic and glycogen pathway genes typically cause accumulation of abnormal glycogen and/or exercise intolerance. d) Lipid storage myopathies can result from deficiencies in enzymes of Beta-oxidation and lead to the accumulation of triglyceride droplets in muscle fibers. .A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______. the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid
- Why is glucose provided by glycogenolysis in the liver but not in skeletal muscle?Explain the process of transamination in the muscle, transport of ammonia to the liver and production of urea. You can provide a metabolic map to complement your explanation. Remember to indicate relevant cell compartments when doing so.Next, explain how three glut carriers [glut1, 2, and 4] effectively handle moving glucose into cellsbetween meals when blood sugar is at modest levels, and after a large meal when sugar blood levels spike. Make sure you define which glut carriers are found in which cell types, and howexcess sugars are stored in each of these cell types