the Michaelis-Menten dynamics to explain what happens in plasma concentration of a solute reaches Tm and the effect that has on the Clearance of the solute
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- Give one reason why it is important to maintain plasma osmolarity within a narrow range of values? The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM. What would the osmolarity inside a red blood cell need to be to maintain osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular fluid and plasma? Give one specific reason why it is important to maintain plasma omolarity within a narrow range of values.By how much, and in which direction, will EK be altered by (a) halving and (b) multiplying by five the concentration of K+ in the saline?
- What are major factors that determine blood osmolality? The osmolality of 0.9% NaCl is ___________. How is the osmolality different from the molarity? Also, predict the effect of 1 L of 600 mOsm/L infusion of sucrose on patients RBC’s osmolality and volume, if previous osmolality of RBC’s was 250 mOsm/L, plasma volume – 3.6 L and RBC’s volume – 2.4 L.A) Consider membrane filtration. What is concentration polarization and why does it occur? B) What are the important parameters that affect the diffusivity in/across membranes and what do The they mean physically? C) Consider the Krogh Cylinder model. What is the physical meaning of the critical radiusand why does it occur?What effect would an ACE inhibitor have on renin secretion and angiotensin II production? What effect would an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) have on renin secretion and angiotensin II production?
- describe the mechanisms responsible for the medullary osmotic gradientBlood volume must be restored in a person who has lost large amounts of blood due to serious injury. This is often accomplished by infusing isotonic NaCl solution into the blood. Why is this more effective than infusing an isoosmotic solution of a penetrating solute, such as urea?The rate at which the Na+K+ pump operates is not constant but is controlled by a combined effect of changes in ICF Na+ concentration and ECF K+ concentration. Do you think the changes in both ICF Na+ and ECF K+ concentration following a series of action potentials in a neuron would accelerate, slow down, or have no effect on the Na+K+ pumps in this cell?
- Over a period of 9 hours a patient is to receive half a liter of dextrose 4 % in 1/5 normal saline via a volumetric infusion pump. At what flow rate should the pump be set?Explain how the body detects changes in the osmolality of plasma and describe the regulatory mechanisms by which a proper range of plasma osmolality is maintained.the major difference between plasma and interstitial fluid is the absence of plasma proteins from the interstitial. explain how this affects solute distrbution and what kind of correction you would do it if you were measuring solute concentration