The presence of more than two alternative forms of a given gene would be called alternation of generations O multiple alleles hemizygosity O incomplete dominance O codominance
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- . Consider the genotypes of two lines of chickens: thepure-line mottled Honduran is i/i ; D/D ; M/M ; W/W, andthe pure-line leghorn is I/I ; d/d ; m/m ; w/w, whereI = white feathers, i = colored feathersD = duplex comb, d = simplex combM = bearded, m = beardlessW = white skin, w = yellow skinThese four genes assort independently. Starting withthese two pure lines, what is the fastest and mostconvenient way of generating a pure line that has coloredfeathers, has a simplex comb, is beardless, and has yellowskin? Make sure that you showa. the breeding pedigree.b. the genotype of each animal represented.c. how many eggs to hatch in each cross, and why thisnumber.d. why your scheme is the fastest and the mostconvenientDifferent species of crickets have distinct songs, andthey use these songs for mate recognition. Researcherscrossed two species of Hawaiian crickets (Laupala paranigra and L. kohalensis) whose songs are distinguishedby pulse rate (the number of pulses per second; Shaw etal., Molecular Ecology 16, 2007, 2879–2892.) Then, theymapped QTL in the F2 population derived from thiscross. Six autosomal QTL were detected. The mean traitvalues (pulses per second) at the three genotypic classesin the F2 for each QTL are shown in the table below,where P indicates the L. paranigra allele and K indicatesthe L. kohalensis allele.a. Calculate the additive (A) and dominance (D) effectsand the D/A ratio for each of the six QTL.b. Which of these QTL shows the greatest amount ofdominance?c. Which of these has the largest additive effect?d. The mean pulse rate for L. kohalensis is 3.72, and it is0.71 for L. paranigra. Do all six QTL act in the expecteddirection with the L. kohalensis allele conferring a…The equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…
- For an individual having agenotype formed of twodifferent alleles that conditiondifferent varieties of the samephenotypical trait, upon whatwill the phenotypical featureactually manifested depend?When alleles at a locus act in a semidominant fashionon fitness, the relative fitness of the heterozygote ismidway between the two homozygous classes. For example, genotypes with semidominance at the A locusmight have these relative fitnesses: wA/A = 1.0, wA/a =0.9, and wa/a = 0.8.a. Change one of these fitness values so that a /a becomes a deleterious recessive allele.b. Change one of these fitness values so that A/A becomes a favored dominant allele.n a container/tub, place 50 pieces ofred paper, 50 pieces of pink paper, and50 pieces of white paper. Let usassume that each color is thephenotypic expression of thegenotypes homozygous dominant AA(red), heterozygous Aa (pink), andhomozygous recessive aa (white).Without looking, randomly pick 20 pieces of paper from your container/tub and assumethat those individuals died upon picking, thus will be removed from your population. a. If you are a picky eater and prefer the white only, what do you think will happen in the genotypic frequency and allelic frequencies of the red, pink and white pieces of papers?
- In domesticated dogs, size has a high heritability, andthe trait is determined by only a small number ofgenes. In contrast, genetic variation at more than180 QTLs explains only a very small proportion ofthe high heritability for height in humans. What couldexplain the missing heritability in humans, and howcould you test your hypothesized explanations?A large, genetically heterogeneous group of tomato plants was usedas the original breeding stock by two different breeders, namedMary and Hector. Each breeder was given 50 seeds and began aselective breeding strategy, much like that described in Figure24.11. The seeds were planted, and the breeders selected the 10plants with the highest mean tomato weights as the breeding stockfor the next generation. This process was repeated over the courseof 12 growing seasons, and the following data were obtained: A. Explain these results.B. Another tomato breeder, named Martin, got some seeds fromMary’s and Hector’s tomato strains (after 12 generations),grew the plants, and then crossed them to each other. The mean weight of the tomatoes in these hybrids was about 1.7 pounds.For a period of 5 years, Martin subjected these hybrids to thesame selective breeding strategy that Mary and Hector had followed,and he obtained the following results: Explain Martin’s data. Why was Martin able to obtain…Consider the case of a hypothetical genetic disease called WhySciEleven (WSE), an inherited disease that results to the inability to complete production of an amino acid “moduleactivity” that results in brain damage if untreated. WSE is due to a recessive allele. Given one WSE occurrence per 10,000 births. Which term in the Hardy-Weinberg equation corresponds to the frequency of individuals who have no alleles for the disease WSE? a. p b. 2pq c. p2 d. q2
- The following table gives the percentage of twinpairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotypefor a trait (concordance). Percentages listed arefor concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) anddizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in eachpair were raised together in the same environment, whatdo you conclude about the relative importance of geneticversus environmental factors for each trait?Tay-Sachs disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations in a gene on chromosome 15 thatencodes a lysosomal enzyme. Tach-Sachs is inherited as a autosomal recessive conidition.Among Ashkenazi Jews of central European ancestry, about 1 in 3600 children is born withthe disease. What fraction of the individuals in this population are carriers? (Assume thepopulation is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)Human geneticists have found the Finnish populationto be very useful for studies of a variety of conditions.The population is small; Finns have extensive churchrecords documenting lineages; and few people havemigrated into Finland. The frequency of some recessive disorders is higher in the Finnish population thanelsewhere in the world, and diseases such as PKU andcystic fibrosis that are common elsewhere do not occur in the Finnish population.a. How would a population geneticist explain thesevariations in disease occurrence?b. The Finnish population is also a source ofinformation for the study of quantitative traits. Thegenetic basis of schizophrenia is one question that canbe explored in this population. What advantage(s) anddisadvantage(s) can you imagine for studying complex traits based on the Finnish population structure?