Q: If the HIV did not have a reverse transcriptase enzyme, then which of the following would apply?…
A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that comprise a large and diverse family of…
Q: Some phages have a modified replication cycle in which infected host cells continue to grow and…
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs. a. True b. False
A: For laboratory purpose, research and studies, viruses are cultivated in laboratories in hosts. These…
Q: Simian Virus 40 is carcinogenic in primates. 1). which molecule of the virus 2). what particular…
A: Viruses come under the category of microorganisms (tiny creatures) that can be found in the…
Q: What happens when a person who is infected with a herpes virus experiences a cold sore or genital…
A: Introduction Herpesviridae is a large group of DNA virus which has around 135 types found in…
Q: Poxviruses are considered unique among the DNA viruses. Where do poxviruses, such as variola or…
A: Viruses are often considered as an infectious agent, that has either DNA or RNA as their genetic…
Q: Although a virus is very virulent now, it will eventually evolve to become much less virulent.…
A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism that contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…
Q: Viruses can avoid the human immune system by Intracellular reproduction Remaining inactive in a host…
A: Viruses avoid the human immune system basically by increasing the intracellular reproduction.…
Q: What happens to most cells that are invaded by viruses
A: Virus are obligate parasites. They are not metabolically active outside a host cell .
Q: Oncogenic viruses may either carry oncogenes within their genome, or affect native within the cells…
A: RNA VIRUSES:- These are those viruses whose genome is made up of Ribonucleic acid (RNA). They use…
Q: All of the following are characteristics of a virus with a promiscuous host range EXCEPT: Binding…
A: NOTE: Thanks for mentioning which answers you needed. Virus Virus is small infectious particles…
Q: Why is earlier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus
A: Mutations are the changes in the DNA sequence of an organism which may or may not affect the…
Q: Unlike living things, viruses can only reproduce by conjugation Answer asexually within a host cell
A: VIRUS It is a small collection of genetic code (DNA, RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are…
Q: Please describe each step mentioned in the figure below illustrating retroviral transfer of DNA into…
A: A retrovirus is a virus that has its genetic material in the form of RNA. When a retrovirus infects…
Q: Please describe each step mentioned in the figure below illustrating retroviral transfer of DNA into…
A: A retrovirus inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA genome of a host cell where its genome is…
Q: Viruses quickly evolve to be able to infect hosts. Hosts are not helpless in this, many hosts genes…
A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…
Q: RNA virus populations derive their genetic variation from what process? Transcription from the host…
A: RNA viruses have high mutation rates i.e up to a million times higher than their hosts. These high…
Q: HIV is a retrovirus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to reproduce. New…
A: The basic method by which HIV dominated in the human cell is by forming a genetic material which is…
Q: Which of the following is a NOT a true statement about Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)?
A: HSV-1 or Herpes Simplex Virus 1 is a common virus found in humans, causing certain medical…
Q: One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is…
A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that contains single-strand RNA genome. It…
Q: Which of the following are true about bacteriophages (phages)? Select all correct answers A phage is…
A: Bacteriophages are considered the virus particles that possess a DNA or RNA genome that gets…
Q: Epidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence…
A: Leukemia is cancer of the blood or bone marrow . Leukemia is a malignant increase in the number of…
Q: Besides the virus escaping the cell through lysis or exocytosis what are two other effects a virus…
A: Budding is a method that viruses use to exit the cell. "Sprouting" through the cell envelope, as a…
Q: Viruses may be latent for a long period of time. For example, HIV may be latent for many years,…
A: The ability of the virus to stay dormant in a cell is called viral or virus latency. This is the…
Q: Virology:Some viruses replicate better in hypoxic (low oxygen) environment of cancer cells .TRUE OR…
A: A successful viral replication can be achieved by viral infections that rely on the host cells for…
Q: Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects a…
A: Question -Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…
Q: Influenza viruses use to replicate its genome whereas retroviruses use…
A: Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. There…
Q: Some viruses can undergo lysis or lysogeny even in the same host. What might be a reason for this?…
A: Lysogeny Life cycle that takes place when a bacteriophage infects certain types of bacteria
Q: Why are viral diagnoses difficult? Because they are very small and hard to see Because they rarely…
A: Virus An Infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is…
Q: the following are the functions of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? i) it hydrolyzes the host…
A: Retrovirus This virus uses RNA as its genomic material. This virus inserts a copy of its genome into…
Q: Many virologists note that viruses which have a genome made up of RNA will tend to evolve faster…
A: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.…
Q: hich of the following is inconsistent with the central dogma? a) An RNA molecule that can…
A: Process of DNA molecule synthesis from another DNA molecule is replication. The synthesis of RNA…
Q: Prions are tiny circular molecules of RNA that can infect plants mobile segments of DNA viral DNA…
A: These are infectious particles and can cause neurodegenerative disorders in brain as they are very…
Q: Which of the following viruses is not an oncogenic DNA virus? -Retroviridae -Poxviridae…
A: ANSWER;- Poxviridae
Q: In a [1] infection, the viral DNA is inserted into the host cells DNA. it remains there and is…
A: Viruses are particles that are made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases, lipids. The…
Q: Regular herpesvirus-mediated cold sores or genital sore flare-ups are caused by reinfection by the…
A: Herpes Simplex Virus is responsible for causing an infectious disease called Herpes in humans. This…
Q: Each year, hundreds of millions of people get sick from diseases like Zika, Dengue Fever, and Yellow…
A: Mosquitoes are vectors, which mean they act as agents to carry bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The…
Q: Which of the following statements about prions is FALSE? O A They are not viruses. O B They…
A: Prions are made up of misfolded proteins that lack any genome. However, they have the ability to…
Q: Berkely’s experiment with temperature sensitive viral mutant showed that ----. virus could not make…
A: In uninfected cells, high temperatures raised the endosomal pH, which is where viral RNA enters…
Q: Rhinovirus and the flaviviruses have a _________ RNA genome, which ___________________ bind in order…
A: Introduction :- Rhinovirus and flavivirus are the viruses which consist of RNA as genetic material…
Q: Penicillin is an antibiotic that acts by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in a…
A: Bacteria is considered as prokaryote while there is no proper classification of virus till date. It…
Q: HIV attacks only specific types of human cells, such as certain whiteblood cells and nerve cells.…
A: Any infectious agent or microorganism (Virus, bacterium, protozoa, ETC) that can cause disease is a…
Q: A viral mutation that causes changes in the glycoprotein spikes would affect which aspect of the…
A: Option A, B, C and D are correct .
Q: The advantage of a ____________ sense genome is that RDRP doesn’t need to be carried in the virion…
A: Introduction :- Virus is a particle that is too small to be seen with light microscope or to be…
Q: How can DNA/RNA viruses trigger cancer by inserting into infected cells chromosomes for a particular…
A: The ability of viruses causing tumors were discovered first by Peyton Rous. He removed a tumor from…
Q: Some viruses are oncogenic (tumor/cancer causing). True False
A: Cancer results from the uncontrolled cell division that causes a lump of cells in a particular area.…
There are no known viruses capable of transforming normal cells to cancer cells in humans.
true
false
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- Oncogenic viruses may either carry oncogenes within their genome, or affect native genes within the cells they infect, thus having an effect on cell cycle regulation within host cells. 1) True 2) FalseRetroviruses are dependent on reverse transcriptase, which does which of the following? Transcribes RNA backward (3' to 5' instead of 5' to 3') None of these are correct. Creates transcripts from an RNA template Creates a DNA copy of an RNA template.Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.
- Simian Virus 40 is carcinogenic in primates. 1). which molecule of the virus 2). what particular property of the molecule that enable the malignant transformation.Viruses that infect bacterial cells do not infect human cells, and viruses that infect human cells do not infect bacterial cells. Explain why this should be the case.Arrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
- There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. If you were traveling in Europe, would you eat beef? Give sound reasons why or why not.There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. What measures have been taken to stop BSE?Figure 21.10 Which of the following statements is false? In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced and released into the environment. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle.
- Polyomavirus and Papillomavirus, which is NOT correct? are circular dsDNA are icosahedral capsid are non-enveloped contain DNA and RNA polymerase their fusion with the host cell doesn’t involve in uncoating genome replicate in cytoplasm None of the above Both D and F D, E, and FHow common is ABV in the USA? In the United States, over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40. Once ABV is in a person's body, it stays there for life and can reactivate. Match terms with descriptions based on the text above. You can use an answer more than once or not at all. "Over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40." ABV could belong to this group of viruses: A. Human Papilloma Viruses B. Incidence of ABV C. Herpesviruses D. Prevalence of ABV by age 40The genome of a retrovirus can integrate into the host cell genome. What gene is unique to retroviruses, and why is the protein encoded by this gene absolutely necessary for maintaining the retroviral life cycle?
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