There are now nearly 200 recognized breeds of dog, from the Affenpinscher to the Yorkshire Terrier. But several of these suffer from medical problems due to the inbreeding required to establish the breed. For example, nearly every Cavalier King Charles (discussed in the Biology and Society essay) suffers from heart murmurs caused by a genetically defective heart valve. Such problems are likely to remain as long as the organizations that oversee dog breeding maintain strict pedigree requirements. Some people are suggesting that every breed be allowed to mix with others to help introduce new gene lines free of the congenital defects. Why do you think the governing societies are resistant to such cross-breed mixing? What would you do if you were in charge of addressing the genetic defects that currently plague some breeds?

There are now nearly 200 recognized breeds of dog, from the Affenpinscher to the Yorkshire Terrier. But several of these suffer from medical problems due to the inbreeding required to establish the breed. For example, nearly every Cavalier King Charles (discussed in the Biology and Society essay) suffers from heart murmurs caused by a genetically defective heart valve. Such problems are likely to remain as long as the organizations that oversee dog breeding maintain strict pedigree requirements. Some people are suggesting that every breed be allowed to mix with others to help introduce new gene lines free of the congenital defects. Why do you think the governing societies are resistant to such cross-breed mixing? What would you do if you were in charge of addressing the genetic defects that currently plague some breeds?

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Description: There are now nearly 200 recognized breeds of dog, from the Affenpinscher to the Yorkshire Terrier. But several of these suffer from medical problems due to the inbreeding required to establish the breed. For example, nearly every Cavalier King Charl

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter4: Pedigree Analysis In Human Genetics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2CS: Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a...

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Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?
Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?
Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?
In genetics, the dash symbol (–) is a “wild card” that stands for either the dominant allele or the recessive allele; for example, A– means the individual has either the genotype AA or Aa. Two genes that undergo independent assortment affect coat color in Duroc pigs. Each gene has two alleles, one of which is dominant for coat color. Genotypes of the form A– B– are red, those of the form A– bb and aa B– are sandy, and genotype aa bb is white. What ratio of red:sandy:white is expected from the cross Aa Bb x Aa Bb?
In humans, there is a gene called sickle-cell anemia, which produces severe anemia when homozygous recessive. The name of the disease comes from the fact that many red blood cells take on abnormal sickle shape. People homozygous recessive for this trait usually die before adulthood. Heterozygous people appear normal, but when a sample of the blood is held under low oxygen concentration, the red cells take on the sickle shape. A young woman about to be married is concerned about her future children because her brother died of sickle-cell anemia. A sample of her blood sickles under low oxygen concentration, but that red blood of her perspective husband remains normal. What can you say about the woman and the man, and about their future children? HINT: Use Punnett square to help you and receive full credit
In humans, there is a gene called sickle-cell anemia, which produces severe anemia when homozygous recessive. The name of the disease comes from the fact that many red blood cells take on abnormal sickle shape. People homozygous recessive for this trait usually die before adulthood. Heterozygous people appear normal, but when a sample of the blood is held under low oxygen concentration, the red cells take on the sickle shape. A young woman about to be married is concerned about her future children because her brother died of sickle-cell anemia. A sample of her blood sickles under low oxygen concentration, but that red blood of her perspective husband remains normal. What can you say about the woman and the man, and about their future children?
Below is a pedigree of a family in which all the people in generation II are dead (indicated with a slash) because of political unrest in their country. Which children in generation III could be traced to the grandmother in this pedigree by using only mitochondrial DNA sequences? a. A and D b. A, B, and C c. A, B, C, D, and E d. B, C, and E
Below is a pedigree of a family in which all the people in generation II are dead (indicated with a slash) because of political unrest in their country. Which children in generation III could be traced to the grandmother in this pedigree by using only mitochondrial DNA sequences? B, C, and E. A, B, and C. A and D. A, B, C, D, and E.
The pedigree shown below depicts crosses performed as part of an antelope captive-breeding program. Use the pedigree information to calculate the coefficient of inbreeding (F) for the mating of IV-12 and III-9 that produces the animal identified as V-13.
Tay-Sachs disease is a rare human disease in which toxic substances accumulate in nerve cells. The recessive allele responsible for the disease is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner. For unknown reasons, the allele is more common in populations of Ashkenazi Jews of eastern Europe. A woman is planning to marry her first cousin, but the couple discovers that their shared grandfather’s sister died in infancy of Tay-Sachs disease.a. Draw the relevant parts of the pedigree, and show all the genotypes as completely as possible. b. What is the probability that the cousins’ first child will have Tay-Sachs disease, assuming that all people who marry into the family are homozygous normal?
In some breeds of dogs, a dominant allele controls the characteristics of barking while trailing. In these dogs, another independent allele produces erect ears; it is dominant over the allele for drooping ears. Suppose a dog breeder wants to produce a pure-breeding strain of droop-eared barkers, but he knows that the genes for silent trailing and erect ears are present in his kennels, how would he proceed?
Sometimes, genetic make-ups do not show up as traits. Let us assume Jane has beautiful brown eyes. Her dad has beautiful blue eyes (pure-bred blue eyes, to say, he has only blue eye genes), while her mom has beautiful brown eyes (pure-bred brown eyes, to say, she has only brown eye genes). Then Jane must be a half brown eye and a half-blue eye, but she has only brown eyes. Why and how this could happen?