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The eyes of Drosophila develop from imaginal discs, groups of cells set aside in the fly embryo that differentiate into the adult structures during the pupal stage. Despite their importance in nature, eyes are dispensable for fruitfly life in the laboratory. Devise a genetic screen to identify genes directing development of the fly eye. What complications might arise from genetic screens targeting an organ that differentiates late in development?
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- What is the difference between a maternal-effect gene and a zygotic gene? Of the following genes that play a role in Drosophila development, which are maternal-effect genes and which are zygotic? Explain your answer. A. nanos B. Antp C. bicoid D. labAnother way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryoExplain hoxA3 and HoxD3 genes are nearly equivalent yet they play distinct roles in the development of mouse.
- Developmental genes are often highly conserved. However, organisms with very similar genes can appear quite different. How is this possible? A. The genes may usually undergo mutation during development, resulting in the production of varied proteins in individual cells. B. If an identical gene is turned on at different stages in development, it can have very different effects. C. Even if genes are quite similar, they always produce proteins with different functions. D. If the genes are very similar, they must always be expressed similarly (at similar times in development) but may sometimes still have varying effects.Explain how loss-of-function mutations in the following categories of genes would affect the morphologies of Drosophila larvae: A. Gap genes B. Pair-rule genes C. Segment-polarity genesDiscuss how the anterior portion of the anteroposterior axis is established in Drosophila. What aspects of oogenesis are critical in establishing this axis? What do you think would happen if the bicoid mRNA was not trapped at the anterior end but instead diffused freely throughout the oocyte?
- In recent years, techniques have been developed to clone mammals through a process called nuclear transfer, in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to an egg cell from which the nuclear material has been removed . Research has demonstrated that when a nucleus from a differentiated somatic cell is transferred to an eggcell, only a small percentage of the resulting embryos complete development, and many of those that do die shortly after birth. In contrast, when a nucleus from an undifferentiated embryonic stem cell is transferred to an egg cell, the percentage of embryos that complete development is significantly higher (W. M. Rideout, K. Eggan, and R. Jaenisch. 2001. Science 293:1095–1098). Propose a possible reason for why a higher percentage of cloned embryos develop successfully when the nucleus transferred comes from an undifferentiated embryonic stem cell.When an embryo is homozygous mutant for the gap gene Kr, the fourth and fifth stripes of the pair-rule gene ftz (counting from the anterior end) do not form normally. When the gap gene kni is mutant, the fifth and sixth ftz stripes do not form normally. Explain these results in regard to how segment number is established in the embryoWhat would you predict to be the phenotype of a Drosophila larva whose mother was homozygous for a loss-of-function allele in the nanos gene?
- Compare and contrast how maternal-effect genes, gap genes, and homeotic genes affect Drosophila development.What is the function of the Pax 6 gene in the mouse eye reference to HOX gene?Pax6 is a gene that is involved in mammalian eye development. Mutations in this gene result in a lack of iris in humans, and mice that are homozygous for the mutation lack eyes completely. Mutations in the eyeless gene in the fruitfly Drosophila result in reduced eyes. Expressing Pax6 from mammals in other tissues of Drosophila during its embryonic development can result in an ectopic eye (e.g. an eye expressed in a different tissue type). An example of an ectopic eye on the antenna of Drosophila is shown below. Part A: The eye of humans, mouse, and fly are an example of the following (check all that apply) A. Structural analog B. Structural homolog C. Developmental homolog D. Genetic homolog Part B: Darwin's hypothesis of natural selection has two components: Species are not static but change through time Species are related, and not independent. In what ways does the human, mouse, and fly eye support or contradict one or both of the two components of…