What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?
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- What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?Which TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose consumed levels are low?Compare the localization of GLUT4 with that of GLUT2 and GLUT3, and explain why these localizations are important in the response of muscle,adipose tissue, brain, and liver to insulin
- What is the ultimate response of the cell to the insulin pathway?Why would a cause of hyperinsulinism be hypoglycemia? Don’t lower levels of blood glucose inhibit of insulin rather than produce large amounts of it to result in hyperinsulinism?Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?
- Name two proteins that are effectors of the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, liver, or muscle cells. Explain how these effector proteins address the conditions that triggered insulin release.Explain the nature and actions of the receptor proteins for insulin and the growth factors.What advantage is there to having insulin-dependent glucose transporters already synthesized and prepackaged in a cell, even before it is stimulated by insulin?
- Why do you suppose individuals with diabetes must receive insulin subcutaneously by injection rather than orally?Which of the following statements about insulin istrue?a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carryingglucose across the cell membrane.b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellularglucose transporters to the cell membrane.c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of storedglycogen into glucose.d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorbglucose into the bloodstreamIs the statement "insulin inhibits beta-oxidation but stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis", cprrect?
