When comparing two or more ligands, a larger numerical value for KD corresponds to a higher binding affinity. True False
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When comparing two or more ligands, a larger numerical value for KD corresponds to a higher binding affinity.
True
False
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In radioligand binding assays, a large excess of a noncompetitive antagonist is used to determine the specific binding of the radiolabeled ligand.
True
False
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Exocrine glands have ducts that provide a passageway for secretions to move to the surface of the epithelium.
True
False
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An inverse agonist binds to a receptor with an affinity that is inversely proportional to its potency.
True
False
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- Which of the following statements best defines the term ‘spare receptors’? ‘Spare receptors’ refers to receptors that are broken down by cells because they are surplus to requirements. ‘Spare receptors’ occur when the KD for agonist binding to the receptor is smaller than the EC50 determined for a particular physiological response. ‘Spare receptors’ refers to the pool of intracellular receptors that are able to translocate to the plasma membrane. ‘Spare receptors’ can be defined as the number of receptors not occupied by agonist when a maximal response has been achieved, compared to the total number of receptors in the cell.Which of the following statements most accurately describes what happens when an antagonist binds to a receptor? The antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor and promotes internalisation of the receptor. Antagonist binding alters the structure of the receptor making it unable to function normally. At sufficiently high concentrations the antagonist can prevent the receptor from binding to its natural (endogenous) ligand. The antagonist-receptor complex binds to a heterotrimeric G protein forming a stable and inactive ternary complex.Maximal physiological response to an external stimuli typically occurs when ______ of the receptors are bound by its ligand. A. None of the answers are true. B. All of the answers are true. C. Only a fraction D. 100% E. Most F. at least 50% G. Ligand-bound receptors do not result in any detectable physiological responses.
- Discuss the validity of the following proposition. A signaling molecule (hormone, growth factor, or neurotransmitter) elicits identical responses in different types of target cells if they contain identical receptors.Describe three ways in which a gradual increase inan extracellular signal can be sharpened by the target cellto produce an abrupt or nearly all-or-none response.One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?
- A drug binds to a receptor and causes an immediate change in the electrical signaling or excitability of that cell, without activating another signaling molecule. What type of receptor is this drug most likely binding to? G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ligand-gated ion channel Enzyme-coupled receptor Intracellular receptor Voltage-gated ion channelUnder in vivo conditions, chronic treatment with a noncompetitive antagonist may lead to the up-regulation of the targeted receptor over time. True False Cytokines are peptides that are generally made in advance by specific types of cells, stored in vesicles, and act as autocrine or paracrine factors. True False Thyroid hormone is stored in an extracellular compartment. True False. which of the following statements about heterotrimetric G proteins and their receptors is incorrect? A: when GTP binds to the alpha subunit of the G protein, the beta-gamma subunit dissociates from the alpha subunit B: G-protein coupled receptors contain nine transmembrane alpha helices C: binding of arrestin causes removal of the receptor from the membrane D: G protein- coupled receptors may be desensitized by serine phosphorylation I had chosen option A and got it wrong. What is the Correct answer and explain how it is. Also, where did i go wrong in choosing option A?
- Receptor, especially growth factor receptor signaling is deregulated in cancer cells, which results in uncontrolled growth. The alterations responsible for this may be due to a truncated receptor, or change from normal paracrine to autocrine signaling or ligand (growth factor) independent firing or overexpression of a receptor Explain how each of these changes results in excessive signaling by the receptor.An extracellular signaling molecule binds to cell surface receptor. This cell surface receptor changes shape and activates a trimeric G-protein. What kind of receptor is this? a) Ion-channel coupled receptor b) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase c) G-Protein coupled receptor d) All of the other answers are correct e) Enzyme-coupled receptorDescribe three different responses of a cell-surfacereceptor on binding a signaling molecule and undergoing aconformational change.