The enzyme is considered to be alan * COO Lactate COO dehydrogenase HO-C-H + NAD 0 + N
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- Characterizing Glycolysis List the reactions of glycolysis that a. are energy consuming (under standard-stale conditions), b. are energy yielding (under standard-state conditions), c. consume ATP. d. yield ATP e. are strongly influenced by changes in concentration of substrate and product because of their molecularity. f. are at or near equilibrium in the erythrocyte (see Table 18.2).Understanding the Mechanism of Hemolytic Anemia Genetic defects in glycolytic enzymes can have serious consequences for humans For example, defects in the gene for pyruvate kinase can result in a condition known as hemolytic anemia. Consult a reference to learn about hemolytic anemia, and discuss why such genetic defects lead to this condition.Designate the reactions catalyzed by the following enzymes:a. aldolaseb. enolasec. hexokinased. amylo-a(1,6)-glucosidasee. phosphoglucomutase
- If glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of: a. cerotic acidb. heptadecanoic acidc. palmitoleic acidWhich glycolysis reactions are catalyzed by the following enzymes?(a) Pyruvate kinase(b) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(c) Hexokinase(d) Phosphoglycerate mutase(e) AldolaseSelect the following enzymes that utilize a mechanism where ATP serves as the phosphate donor. Select ALL that apply: a) glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase b) hexokinase c) aldolase class 1 d) PFK e) phosphoglucoisomerase
- How many ATP may be produced from 1 mole of the following compounds on complete oxidation using the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle? COMPOUNDSa.) Mannoseb.) Dihydroxyacetone phosphatec.) Citrated.) Malatee.) SuccinateUrea formation is energetically expensive, requiring theexpenditure of 4 mol of ATP per mole of urea formed.However, NADH is produced when fumarate is reconvertedto aspartate. How many ATP molecules are produced bythe mitochondrial oxidation of the NADH? What is the netATP requirement for urea synthesis?The first enzyme in the Krebs cycle is theA.citrate synthaseB.pyruvate dehydrogenaseC. α- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D.aconitase
- One of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fattyliver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulatetriacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fattyacids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells byalcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yieldacetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into themitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA andmetabolized by the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels ofNADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is highlevels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also acytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate andNADPH as a reducing agent. Determine how a high level ofcytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fattyacid synthesis.NADH is generated by all of the following Krebs cycle enzymes except: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenaseDuring Krebs cycle, the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate involves all of the following reactions/mechanisms except Reduction of isocitrate Reduction of NAD+ Decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidation of isocitrate