When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully preparedmitochondria along with ADP, P, antimycin A, and oxygen, thecytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/oratio approaching 1.0.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) Why was antimycin A added?(c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of cou-pling sites for oxidative phosphorylation?(d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cytc oxidation and ATP synthesis).

Cytochrome c is a hemeprotein and is a vital component of electron transport chain. The transfer of…

Answered: When pure reduced cytochrome c is added…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter21: Photosynthesis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17P

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Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?
In the complete b-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0) How many moles of FADH2 are produced? How many moles of ATP are produced after all NADH are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? How many moles of ATP are produced after all FADH2 are reoxidized in the respiratorychain? How many moles of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of stearic acid?
When pure reduced cytochrome c is added to carefully prepared mitochondria along with ADP, Pi, antimycin A, and oxygen, the cytochrome c becomes oxidized, and ATP is formed, with a P/O ratio approaching 1.0.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) Why was antimycin A added?(c) What does this experiment tell you about the location of coupling sitesfor oxidative phosphorylation?(d) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction (including cyt c oxidation and ATP synthesis).(e) Calculate ΔG°′ for the above reaction, using E′0 values from Table 14.1and a ΔG°′ value for ATP hydrolysis of -32.2 kJ/mol.
1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH? b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?
Interested in studying ethanol fermentation, you prepare two solutions of yeast extract that contains the cytosolic contents of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. You add glucose to both extracts at time zero, but to one (in red) you also add inorganic phosphate (added in two batches). Using a gas sensor, you monitor the CO2 generated by the two solutions over time and obtain the following data: a. Why is more CO2 generated upon the addition of phosphate? b. You become worried that the flasks would burst open to the build up in gas pressure. What other molecules could you add to the extract to slow down CO2 generation even in the presence of glucose and Pi?
Focusing on the mechanism linking complex I and ATP synthase depicted in figure 3 in the article, compare that hypothetical mechanism to the classical presentation described in our textbook. What are the major differences between this mechanism and Peter Mitchel’s original chemiosmotic theory? What are the similarities.
Outline the chemiosmotic hypothesis for the mechanism by which oxidative phosphorylation is coupled with electron transport. How does uncoupling occur in tissues with uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)? Under what circumstances would uncoupling be disadvantageous, and under what circumstances might it be advantageous?
To carefully prepared mitochondria were added succinate, oxidizedcytochrome c, ADP, orthophosphate, and sodium cyanide. Referring toFigure 14.16, answer the following.(a) List the sequence of electron carriers in this system.(b) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction occurring in thissystem, showing oxidation of the initial electron donor, reduction of thefinal acceptor, and synthesis of ATP.(c) Calculate ΔG°' for the overall reaction. ΔG°' for ATP hydrolysis is-32.2 kJ/mol.(d) Why was cyanide added in this experiment?(e) What would the P/O ratio be if the same experiment were run with addition to the mitochondria of 2,4-dinitrophenol?
a newly identified bacterium called Nomore biochem is unable to synthesize ubiquinone. A mobile electron carrier called CXC3 is used as a substitute. From the information provided in the table, calculate delta G' and Keq value at 298K for the redox reaction that occurs in the Nomore Biochem electron transport chain. (constants: R=8.3 J/degree x mol, F= 96.1 kJ/v x mol Half Reactions E' (V) ubiquinone + 2e- + 2H+--> Ubiquinol + H2 0.045 NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ --> NADH + H+ -0.320 CXC3 + 2e- + 2H+ --> CXC3H2 -0.450 explain the impact that using CXC3 instead of ubiquinone will have on ATP production in the cell. How might the cell adapt to this situation?
Given the overall equation for respiration (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O), in which step(s) in the respiratory pathway is/are each of the reactants used up and each of the products made? Photosynthetic reactions require NADPH while NADH is involved in aerobic respiration. These two molecules regulate both the biosynthetic and the catabolic activity of the cell. Explain how they do this. Note that NAD+ kinase phosphorylates NAD+ to produce NADPH+.
It is estimated that each electron pair donated by NADH leads to the synthesis of approximately three ATP molecules, whereas each electron pair donated by FADH2 leads to the synthesis of approximately two ATP molecules. What is the underlying reason for the difference in yield for electrons donated by FADH2 versus NADH?
How does the presence of cristae in the mitochondrial membrane increase the productivity of aerobic respiration in eukaryocytes?

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