When rotenone is added to actively respiring bovine mitochondria, the ratio of NADH to NAD+ increases but the FADH2 to FAD ratio remains unchanged. a. What step in the system is being inhibited by rotenone? b. What would be the effect of rotenone on pyruvate oxidation to CO2? ____________________ Why?
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When rotenone is added to actively respiring bovine mitochondria, the ratio of NADH to NAD+ increases but the FADH2 to FAD ratio remains unchanged.
a. What step in the system is being inhibited by rotenone?
b. What would be the effect of rotenone on pyruvate oxidation to CO2?
____________________ Why?
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- this question is about 16 carbon fatty acid A) what are the end procuts of the eight cycles of beta oxidation of a 16 carbon fatty acid? B) assuming 2.5 ATP molecules are produced from one NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced from the NADH produced during beta oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acidGlucosamine is a common compound that inhibits hexokinase action (the transfer of a phosphate group to glucose during glycolysis). A) Describe the consequences of glucosamine exposure on cellular respiration. B) Is glucosamine exposure fatal? Why or why not?Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, a severe condition with a poor prognosis, results in neurological dysfunction and unremitting lactic acidosis. One treatment is placing the patients on a low carbohydrate/high fat diet. ( a) Explain why the deficiency would be characterized by neurological dysfunction. ( b) Why does lactic acidosis result? ( c) Explain the rationale for the low carbohydrate/high fat diet.
- Consider the steps of the krebs cycle and electron carrier chain and answer: a) How many ATPs are produced from 10 Pyruvato molecules? b) How many ATPs are produced from 12 Acetyl CoA molecules?Many amino acids are broken down to intermediates of the citric acid cycle. (a) Why can’t these amino acid “remnants” be directly oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle? (b) Explain why amino acids that are broken down to pyruvate can be completely oxidized by the citric acid cycle.The enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which is involved in the citric acid cycle, is allosterically inhibited by NADH.• Explain how NADH affects alpha-ketoglutarate activity.•Explain a set of conditions that could result in a rise in NADH in the mitochondria.
- Patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency show high levels of lactic acid in the blood. However, in some cases, treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA) lowers lactic acid levels. (a) How does DCA act to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity? (b) What does this suggest about pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in patients who respond to DCA?Identify whether the statement is correct or incorrect. In krebs cycle, the enzyme called aconitase catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to malateThe initial step of the citric acid cycle is a. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA b. Formation of ? -ketoglutarate catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase c. Condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate d. Conversion of citrate to isocitrate
- Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. 5 Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme and whereas Carbon # of leaves as CO» The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme 11 12 The C-2 unit is then which is initially in its state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a linkage with CoA-SH to generate Acetyl COA Oxidized Hydroxyethyl TPP Phosphodiester Reduced Hydroxypropiony! TPP Lipoamide E-1 NADH 3 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Thioester 2 HydroxyacetyITPp Dihydropipoyl Transacetylase Type the words in the correct order separated by commas. Example: 1, 3, E-1, Thioester, Lipoamide ...A key enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle is isocitrate dehydrogenase. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate. Given your understanding of the Citric Acid Cycle, how is the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase likely regulated? A. It is activated when fermentation starts. B. It is activated when the levels of NADH are low relative to NAD+. C. It is activated when levels of ATP are high relative to ADP. D. It is inhibited by high levels of pyruvate.Pyruvate is metabolized involving a multienzyme complex, pyruvatedehydrogenase complex (PDC).(a). What are the main products of PDC reactions?(b). Name two products that inhibit PDC reactions and give the reasons.