Which molecule(s) is directly activated by Ras-GTP? A. Gene regulatory proteins B. ERK (MAP kinase) C. MEK (MAP kinase-kinase) D. Raf (MAP kinase-kinase-kinase) E. Sos (Ras GEF)
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- What is the function of Ras during tyrosine kinase cell signaling? a. It activates the opening of channel-linked receptors. b. It is an enzyme that synthesizes second messengers. c. It links the receptor protein to the MAP kinase pathway. d. It phosphorylates other enzymes as part of a pathway.When a signal ligand binds to the extracellular portion of the RTK receptor, in the MAP kinase pathway, what is the first kinase to be activated?Which of the following are characteristics of “small” monomeric Ras GTPases? A. Membrane bound B. Act as molecular switches between GTP & GDP C. They interact with receptors directly to regulate upstream events D. They are activated upon GTP binding E. None of the above
- Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of thefollowing except(A) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.(B) activation of protein kinase molecules.(C) activation of G protein-coupled receptors.(D) regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling moleculesinto signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cellsA particular drug inhibits the protein kinase that is responsible for phosphorylating the CREB protein. How would this drug affect the following events? A. The ability of the CREB protein to bind to CREs B. The ability of extracellular hormones to enhance cAMP levels C. The ability of the CREB protein to stimulate transcription D. The ability of the CREB protein to dimerize
- Which of these BEST describes how the signal is transduced from the EGF receptor to the Ras protein? A. Ras is phosphorylated B. Ras is dephosphorylated C. Ras binds to a GTP molecule D. Ras hydrolyzes a GTP moleculeParacrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are a. produced by the cell itself. b. secreted by neighboring cells. c. present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells. d. secreted by distant cells.A mutation in Ras that prevents Ras from hydrolyzing GTP. Would cause? Why? A. Increased proliferation B. Decreased proliferation
- The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by a. dimerization and phosphorylation b. a phosphorylation cascade c. channel protein shape change d. GTP hydrolysisIn intercellular signaling pathways, some receptor proteins can also act as a transcription factor (changing gene expression), because these receptors are ________. A) Group of answer choices B) Intracellular receptors C) Membrane bound receptors D) G protein coupled receptors E) Enzyme linked receptors F) Fast ligand-gated ion channelsWhat is a key characteristics of a G protein-linked receptors? a. it allows ions to flow through b. it changes confirmation and becomes autophosporylated c. it is a serpentine transmembrane receptor?