Which of the following can help explain how continuous variation in a trait can arise from underlying discrete Mendelian genetics (i.e. individual loci at which there are alleles with discrete effects on the phenotype)?
Q: How do geneticist normally tell whether an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype is homozygous or…
A: *To know whether an organisms dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele one…
Q: Which of the following is an example of how genotype and environmental factors can work together to…
A: The phenotypic expression is basically guided by the genotypic composition of an individual. however…
Q: What is the mathematical expression of the genetic equilibrium for genes with two alleles? Is this…
A: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a standard expressing that the hereditary variety in a populace…
Q: How do geneticists know whether a particular trait is caused by the alleles of one gene or by two…
A: A gene is a stretch of nucleotides present in the DNA. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of…
Q: What findings led geneticists to postulate the multiple- factor hypothesis that invoked the idea of…
A: In biology, the gene is the primary base of heredity. It is the summation of the sequence of the…
Q: Does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium need to be tested for alleles resulting in only two genotypes?
A: Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) refers to the state of a population in which genotype and allele…
Q: Give two assumptions for the Mendelian Inheritance for Segregation and Independent Assortment…
A: A central assumption of Mendel laws of inheritance is that genes originating from maternal and…
Q: The following table shows the number of dogs for certain tail lengths in a population of dogs. Tail…
A: A trait is a characteristic features that is unique to particular individual . A trait can follow :-…
Q: In a Mendelian monohybrid cross with dominance, which answer represents the convention used to…
A: Genetic is the branch of science that deals with genetic material like genome, genes, DNA, and…
Q: Where can we apply the knowledge you gained from non-mendelian inheritance in real-life setting?
A: Mendelian principles follow the three laws postulated by George Mendel. But some inheritance pattern…
Q: Can you always ascertain an organism’s genotype for a particular locus if you know its phenotype?…
A: Both genetic and environmental factors affect your phenotype. Traits that are primarily attributed…
Q: What happens to a recessive trait in the F2 generation in Mendelian genetics
A: ANSWER : CROSS = It is the cross made between one traits of an same individual from parents forming…
Q: How do we know that threshold traits are actually polygenic even though they may have as few as two…
A: In many polygenic traits, the continuous phenotypic distribution results from an incremental…
Q: For four bi-allelic loci of a quantitative trait, how many possible phenotypes and genotypes are…
A: Genetics is the study of heredity, variations, and the factors responsible for variation and this…
Q: Consider Mendelian traits versus polygenic traits. What impact do modifications, such as those…
A: CRISPR-Cas9 has recently become a popular set of tools for genetic engineering. By targeting…
Q: Define the following: additive alleles ?
A: Genes are the segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contain genetic information. This…
Q: Mendel's second postulate states: When two different unit factors responsible for a characteristic…
A: The three basic Mendel’s laws known as laws of inheritance are: Law of Dominance Law of Segregation…
Q: What is the phenomenon of a single gene determining a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated…
A: Introduction: Gene is a segment of DNA that determines the phenotypic characteristics of the…
Q: Explain how each of the following produces phenotypic ratios other than those Mendel observed:…
A: Mendelian inheritance follows the law of dominance. One dominant gene allele completely masks the…
Q: Consult the pedigree shown below. Homozygous for either allele is possible, and both alleles are…
A: Pedigree is a representation in the form of a diagram or family tree of inheritance of genetic…
Q: Does Mendel’s law of segregation hold true if parental lines differ with respect to two traits?…
A: Law of segregation proposes that the alternative forms of the genes that are known as alleles…
Q: Connection to Quantitative traits: SNPs are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and are often polygenic…
A: A quantitative trait is a phenotype that can be measured and is influenced by the interactions of…
Q: If each dominant allele adds 10 cm to an adult humans type which of the following genotypes would…
A: Alternate form of gene is called allele. Allele can be dominant or recessive. Dominant allele masks…
Q: What is the mathematical expression for the genetic equilibrium for genes with two alleles? Is this…
A: The situation of an allele or genotypes in a genetic pool (such as a community) in which the…
Q: B
A: Genetic condition in which an individual receives two copies of genes, one copy from each parent…
Q: Gregor Mendel’s basic principles of inheritance say that each trait is controlled by just one gene…
A: Gregor Mendel established the fundamental rules of heredity through his research on pea plants. He…
Q: Using the example of pea color in Mendel’s pea plants, can you devise equations to determine the…
A: Introduction Sir Gregor Mendel is known as Father of Genetics. He was the pioneer scientist who…
Q: Applying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For instance, a trait is caused by the homozygous state of a…
A: When the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the population has following characteristics:…
Q: Which of Mendel's postulates can only be demonstrated in crosses involving at least two pairs of…
A: Mendel worked on the pea plants and gave three basic laws of heredity: Law of dominance Law of…
Q: Gregor Mendel knew that some traits could be closely associated. Mendel said that those traits were…
A: Character is the feature of the organism. An inherited character and its detectable variant are…
Q: Why are monozygotic twins who are reared apart so useful in the calculation of heritability? What…
A: Heritability measures the amount a phenotype is caused strictly by gene than environmental…
Q: consider a polygenic trait involving two gene paris, each with two possible additive alleles. in a…
A: Polygenic Trait - These traits are administered by many genes. They have continous variations and…
Q: What effect is played by admixture in determination of Race/Ancestry?
A: Admixture determination is a method of inferring someone's geographical origins based on an analysis…
Q: in application of probability to genetic,why aa is 1/2 instead of 1/4??
A: Punnet square :- It is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross…
Q: Are Mendel’s principles of segregation and independent assortment even relevant today in the age of…
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: How would we explain using examples the non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete…
A: Non-Mendelian inheritance It is defined as the inheritance pattern in which the traits are not…
Q: What does a bell-shaped curve of a graph indicate? A. Mendelian inheritance pattern B.…
A: A graph is a diagram demonstrating the connection between quantities that are variable, commonly of…
Q: While traits Mendel worked with all adhered to his principles of inheritance, this is not the norm…
A: Mendel proposed three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of independent assortment,…
Q: What is a Mendelian population? How is the gene pool of a Mendelian population usually described?
A: Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian geneticist and known as the father of modern genetics. He…
Q: How do geneticist normally tell whether an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype is homozygous or…
A: The alleles are the alternative forms of a gene that are located on the same locus of a homologous…
Q: For which of the individuals mentioned can you be sure of the genotypes? What genotypes are possible…
A: According to Mendel, every trait or character is governed by a gene. A gene has two allelic forms, a…
Q: What are some of the ratios and genetic patterns that result due to non-Mendelian crosses/gene…
A: Incomplete Dominance and co-dominance are the most common types of Non- Mendelian genetic patters…
Q: Can you always ascertain an organism ‘s genotype for a particular locus if you know its phenotype?…
A: Genetics is the branch of science that deals heredity, which is a biological process where a parent…
Q: Mendel's dihybrid cross between two double heterogotes (AaBb x AaBb) gave you the phenotypic ratio…
A:
Q: a. What kind(s) of heritable trait could Pedigree B be? b. What kind(s) of heritable trait could…
A: Pedigree Analysis The pedigree shows the history of a given trait in the family to analyse its…
Q: Why can a protein be used as evidence for common ancestry?
A: Complete life on earth emerged from a solitary common ancestor, & our genes mirror this common…
Q: Suppose that a geneticist studies a series of characteristics in monozygotic twins and dizygotic…
A:
Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- How do geneticist normally tell whether an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heyerozygous for such a trait? Explain and illustrate with an exampleWhat is the difference between a Mendelian multifactorial trait and a polygenic multifactorial trait?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?How would we explain using examples the non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex linkage from the results of crosses?
- What could be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a typical mendelian trait showed in the picture?Considering the Mendelian traits round versus wrinkledand yellow versus green, consider the crosses belowand determine the genotypes of the parental plants byanalyzing the phenotypes of their offspring.Parental Plants Offspring(a) round, yellow * round, yellow 3/4 round, yellow1/4 wrinkled, yellow(b) wrinkled, yellow * round, yellow 6/16 wrinkled, yellow2/16 wrinkled, green6/16 round, yellow2/16 round, green(c) round, yellow * round, yellow 9/16 round, yellow3/16 round, green3/16 wrinkled, yellow1/16 wrinkled, green(d) round, yellow * wrinkled, green 1/4 round, yellow1/4 round, green1/4 wrinkled, yellow1/4 wrinkled, greenWhich of the following statements describes the multifactual inheritance in genetics? A. One locus is associated with different traits. B. One locus is associated with variable phenotypes of a trait. C. Several loci are associated with the trait.
- Given the pedigree below: Is the trait dominant or recessive? What are the most likely genotypes of individuals I-1 and I-2? What is the probability that individual II-2 is a carrier?What are some reasons why a single trait might notshow a 3 : 1 ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation of across between true-breeding strains, and why a pair oftraits might not show a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio of phenotypes in theF2 generation of a cross between true-breeding strains?In which type of cross(es) can we apply and demonstrate the law of segregation and law of independent assortment? Why can’t we apply the 2 Mendelian laws on monohybrid crosses? Explain briefly. How can one use a pedigree chart to hypothesize how a certain condition is transmitted? Can a pedigree chart show probability of occurrence more accurately than the Punnett square? Why or why not?