Which of the following is an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern that might be sensed by a Toll-like receptor? Lipopolysaccarides from Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes All of the options listed are correct The spike proteins on the Influenza A virus A unique glycoprotein on the flagella of Trypanosoma cruzi

Q: Which of the conformations illustrated above (a or b) is more likely PrPc (the normal cellular form…

A: PrP refers to the prion proteins which are present in the body of diseased as well as healthy…

Q: Which antibiotic is part of our innate immune system? Group of answer choices trimethoprim…

A: Lysozyme are the Type of enzymes which are found in tears, milk and saliva. These lysozyme kill…

Q: Invading microbes can be imprisoned by a ______________.   Question options:   blood clot…

A: Introduction : The immune system is a collection of specialized organs, cells, and substances that…

Q: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own…

A: The immune system is an important organ system in the body that plays a role in defense against…

Q: Phagocytosis:  Multiple Choice   is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal…

A: phagocytosis is a critical component of the immune or inflammatory response in defending the…

Q: Which of the following would represent an "opportunity" for an opportunistic pathogen?…

A: The term "opportunistic pathogen" refers to an infectious pathogen that is regularly found in the…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins?   Important in the pathogenesis of many…

A: Toxins are any harmful molecules that can disrupt normal body functions. Exotoxins are those toxins…

Q: A bacterial species was isolated from a stool sample given by a healthy human volunteer. Researchers…

A: In this case when the bacteria is showing the lesser homology with the other bacterial species for…

Q: The presence of non-self molecular patterns in different structures or regions of bacteral cell…

A: Pathogens  They are the harmful organisms which produces abnormalities in the other organism like…

Q: Like many proteins that do their jobs outside of cells, immunoglobulin G is a glycoprotein. The…

A: Protein glycosylation is the process of adding a carbohydrate moiety to a protein molecule. It's a…

Q: In which of the following cases would treating a patient with an antiserum (purified antibodies) be…

A: Antiserum  Antiserum is extracted from the animals blood like rabbit or horse to treat specific…

Q: Bacterial capsules work by _____. View Available Hint(s) for Part E       protecting the bacterium…

A: So correct option will be protecting the bacterium from engulfment Capsules made of substances…

Q: In outline form discuss the steps of Ziehl-Neelsen staining

A: INTRODUCTION The Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is a differential staining technique that was…

Q: Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by A. Calnexin B. BiP/Grp78 C. All of the…

A: The correct options are given below with explanation

Q: Mammals have Toll-like receptors that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent in…

A: As per our guidelines, we are supposed to answer only one question. Kindly repost other question as…

Q: The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and…

A: The protozoan parasitic species present in the genus Trypanosoma causes Human African…

Q: Back to Mr. Doe and his MRSA which over time is becoming more and more resistant to brincomycin. In…

A: The MRSA over time is becoming more and more resistant to brincomycin.At different times different…

Q: While the skin has the ability to block UV light which may cause damage, it also has the ability to…

A: Skin is the body’s outer coverings made up of three layers ( Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis),…

Q: A 44-year-old man develops temperatures to 38.3℃ (101℉), chills, malaise, and nausea 3 days after…

A: Candidiasis is caused by a fungus called candida belonging to the Yeast family. This fungi can cause…

Q: Explain why a tuberculin skin test on an AIDS (acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome) patient with…

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an organism responsible for tuberculosis (TB) infection. It is a…

Q: Intense fever, shock, and other symptoms occur in some gram-positive bacterial infections due to:…

A: Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by their thick walls of peptidoglycan. They stain red or…

Q: Antigens are cellular parts that are able to bind to antibodies. Antigens are usually made out of…

A: Antigen-antibody complex  or antigen and antibody reaction, is a very specific chemical interaction…

Q: A pregnant woman has developed a severe infection with Listeria monocytogenes after eating…

A: INTRODUCTION Listeria monocytogens This is a bacteria that cause listeriosis.

Q: The attachment of a pathogen to host cells requires that  Group of answer choices pathogen adhesins…

A: The establishment of pathogen at the portal of entry is known as colonization. Pathogens colonize…

Q: Which of these methods will allow visualization of protein localization in a cell? a. Flow Cytometry…

A: Protein localization is the technique which allows the visualization of a protein inside the cell.…

Q: C3bBb is the soluble C3 convertase that initiates the alternative pathway, while iC3bBb is the C3…

A: The answer is false.…

Q: Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are __________lymphocytes.

A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we solve the first question for you. To get the remaining…

Q: Broad-spectrum drugs target a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. Even when the broad-spectrum drug…

A: Drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections are referred to as antibacterial agents. These…

Q: Mucous membranes are barriers against colonization and growth of microorganisms. However, mucous…

A: The growth and function of the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system encompasses…

Q: Which of the following molecules do you think would make good antigens for recognizing pathogens and…

A: Molecules which are chemically complex are immunogenic. Therefore foreign proteins and carbohydrates…

Q: Explain the patenting of the Biontech vaccine, the studies carried out at the university, how this…

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Q: Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes…

A: Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause of uncomplicated bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis…

Q: Which of the following bacterial A-B exotoxins is a protease that cleaves important animal cellular…

A: A-B exotoxins are a group of toxins secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host…

Q: f answer choices capsule plays role in transport process capsule can retain water ; cells protected…

A: Bacteria can be found in a variety of settings. They are tiny and degrade organic substances when…

Q: Which of the following would be unlikely to cause a cell-mediated immune response? View Available…

A: The correct option is Staphylococcus aureus. Hepatitis B virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and…

Q: Which of the following structures is an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?

A: or protection from an infection, the body detects presence of any kind of microorganisms. This is…

Q: Which of the following accurately reflects the information in this snip?     When Staphylococcus…

A: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive round shaped bacteria and is found is found in the…

Q: Contains a bait molecule which sequesters and inactivates microbial proteases. Small protein…

A: Defensins, pentatraxins, bradykinin, psoriasis and alpha2 macroglobulin are molecules which have…

Q: Which of the following virulence factors among A-D is correctly matched with its definition or…

A: The chemicals that help the bacterium invade the host at the cellular level are known as virulence…

Q: Please use the right words from the word bank provided below to fill in the blanks. You might use…

A: TC cells interact with a pathogen- infected cell through a ______substance_______ protein and…

Q: A study is performed in persons with an immunodeficiency disease in which activation of macrophages…

A: Immuno deficiency disorders are he result of malfunctiong immune system which leads to faster…

Q: The increasing rates of asthma & other allergic conditions MIGHT be due to the "___________",…

A: Answer :  Option "B" is correct . Hygiene hypothesis, Th2

Q: Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin?…

A: Streptomycin is a broad spectrum of antibiotics that can act against both gram-positive and…

Q: Which of the following statement is false regarding the SARS-CoV-2 protease Mpro? a) Mpro catalyze…

A: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory…

Q: Acyclovir, Streptomycin, polymyxin, sulfonamide, or penicillin (choose one to fill in the blank…

A: Antibiotic drugs are widely utilised in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections since…

Q: You can choose one or more than one option Flu is a disease induced by the Influenza virus, we need…

A: Asked : Reason for repeat every year the vaccination against the flu

Q: Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasiticdisease caused by…

A: Given information  Chagas disease It is also known as American trypanosomiasis. It is a tropical…

Q: In this image, the bacteria in circles 1 and 4 is demonstrating: presence of catalase presence of…

A: Slide tests are used for detecting the presence or absence of different types of microorganisms in…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.