Which of the following is NOT true of transfer RNA (tRNA)? Each individual molecule of tRNA can carry only one specific amino acid tRNA carries the codons transcribed from DNA that are translated for protein synthesis None of the other four answers (all are true of tRNA) tRNA carries amino acids for addition to the growing protein chain tRNA Interacts with ribosomes and mRNA during translation

Which of the following is NOT true of transfer RNA (tRNA)? Each individual molecule of tRNA can carry only one specific amino acid tRNA carries the codons transcribed from DNA that are translated for protein synthesis None of the other four answers (all are true of tRNA) tRNA carries amino acids for addition to the growing protein chain tRNA Interacts with ribosomes and mRNA during translation

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17QP: Given the following mRNA, write the double-stranded DNA segment that served as the template....

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Given the following mRNA, write the double-stranded DNA segment that served as the template. Indicate both the 5 and the 3 ends of both DNA strands. Also write out the tRNA anticodons and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the mRNA message. DNA: mRNA: 5-CCGCAUGUUCAGUGGGCGUAAACACUGA-3 protein: tRNA:
Eukaryotic mRNA: usessnRNPs to cut out introns and seal together translatableexons. uses a spliceosome mechanism made of DNA to recognizeconsensus sequences to cut and splice. has a guanine cap on its 39 end and a poly(A) tail on its 59 end. is composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. codes the guanine cap and poly(A) tail from the DNAtemplate.
The following segment of DNA codes for a protein. The uppercase letters represent exons. The lowercase letters represent introns. The lower strand is the template strand. Draw the primary transcript and the mRNA resulting from this DNA.
A certain mRNA strand has the following nucleotide sequence: 5AUGACGUAUAACUUU3 What is the anticodon for each codon? What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide? (Use Figure 13-5 to help answer this question.) Figure 13-5 The genetic code The genetic code specifies all possible combinations of the three bases that compose codons in mRNA. Of the 64 possible codons, 61 specify amino acids (see Figure 3-17 for an explanation of abbreviations). The codon AUG specifies the amino acid methionine and also signals the ribosome to initiate translation (start). Three codonsUAA, UGA, and UAGdo not specify amino acids; they terminate polypeptide synthesis (stop).
Which of the following is/are not found in a bacterial mRNA molecule? (a) stop codon (b) upstream leader sequences (c) downstream trailing sequences (d) start codon (e) promoter sequences
Briefly describe the function of the following in protein synthesis. a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA
The genetic code is defined as a series of _______________ in _______________. (a) anticodons; tRNA (b) codons; DNA (c) anticodons; mRNA (d) codons; mRNA (e) codons and anticodons; rRNA
Given the following tRNA anticodon sequence, derive the mRNA and the DNA template strand. Also, write out the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by this message. tRNA: UAC UCU CGA GGC mRNA: protein: How many hydrogen bonds would be present in the DNA segment?
A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell line. What would be the predicted effect on translation? Translation stalls after the initiation AUG codon is identified The ribosome cannot catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the tRNAs in the A and P sites The ribosome cannot interact with mRNAs tRNAs cannot exit the E site of the ribosome.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
Identify the features of tRNA that are important in decoding genetic information and converting it into protein language.
Which of the following is true for the tRNA of eukaryote cells? tRNA is a) made of DNA and protein, b) the active site in carbohydrate synthesis, c) is a subunit that forms mRNA from the codon of DNA. d) found inside the endoplasmic reticulum, e) has the specific sequence of bases (anti codon) that interacts with the base sequence (codon) of mRNA.