Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. PAMPs recognize pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLRs, NLRs and RLRs present on/in host cells TLRs that are expressed on cell surface are mostly recognized by viruses, whereas intracellular TLRs are recognized by bacteria PRRs can induce inflammatory response, opsonization and phagocytosis Pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules such as CpG DNA, cytosolic dsDNA and RNAs made by the host cell

Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. PAMPs recognize pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLRs, NLRs and RLRs present on/in host cells TLRs that are expressed on cell surface are mostly recognized by viruses, whereas intracellular TLRs are recognized by bacteria PRRs can induce inflammatory response, opsonization and phagocytosis Pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules such as CpG DNA, cytosolic dsDNA and RNAs made by the host cell

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 15RE

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Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like receptors have the advantage of recognizing viruses by interacting with their spike proteins TLR signaling includes NF-kB pathways to induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines TLR binds to dsDNA or ssRNA to induce interferon gene expression PRR induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have local and systemic effects PRR induces innate immunity; phagocytosis, inflammation, type I interferon production, and regulate adaptive immunity; DC maturation, costimulatory molecules, type I interferon
Based on your understanding of the innate immune system list 3 broad categories (and AT LEAST ONE specific example in each category) that constitute the first line of defense mechanisms by the innate immune system. (Give an approximate time line for this type of defense) If this defense system is breached describe the process that follows (second line of innate defense). Explain how pathogens are detected and dealt with at this time with specific pathogen groups in mind, innate immune cells and molecular components involved. (Give an approximate timeline for this response) What are the TWO possible outcomes of this response and the way forward?
The emphasis in innate immunity is that it is non-specific. Explain how two different factors/parts of the human innate immune system are not specific to a particular pathogen.” “2. Antibodies are a crucial part of adaptive immunity. Discuss the structure of an antibody and how the adaptive immune system is capable of producing different antibodies for a wide variety of antigens.” “3. The innate and adaptive immune systems typically communicate with each other. Which system acts first and then communicates with the other? Why would this be advantageous?
Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complement
What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.
Although the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen, complement activation is generally considered to be an innate immune response. This is because: Two of the three pathways for complement activation are initiated by constitutively produced recognition molecules that directly interact with microbial surfaces. When the complement cascade leads to the formation of a membrane-attack complex, the pathogen is killed. Several of the soluble products generated by complement activation lead promote the inflammatory response. Complement proteins bound to the pathogen promote uptake and destruction by phagocytic cells. The C3 convertase is only produced when complement activation is initiated by antibody binding to a pathogen.
The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses? C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure. Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure. C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface. C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue. C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.
What are steps in the inflammation response? Select all that apply. Signaling molecules decrease capillary permeability, decreasing the movement of phagocytes into the tissue. Mast cells release signaling molecules that increase blood flow by widening the arterioles. Phagocytes in the tissue recognize and engulf the complement-coated bacteria. Bacterial antigens trigger complement cascades that coat invading bacteria with complement. PAMP receptors on mast cells in the tissue recognize and bind to a bacterial antigen.
Which of the following is true about the innate immune system? Check all that apply Phagocytosis is an adaptive immunity component required for elimination of microbes Innate immune cells are macrophages and dendritic cells that engulf pathogens but also present antigen to T lymphocytes Innate immunity improves with repeated infections Neutrophils are the abundant innate immune cells circulating in blood Innate immune system provides protection immediately after infection in a non-specific manner
What are features of adaptive immunity? Select all that apply. Antigen receptors are produced by gene recombination. Specificity is limited to about 1,000 PAMPs. The response time is about a week. There is no long-term persistence of immunity.
Which of the following is true about complement? Check all that apply. Three pathways of complement, where classical and alternative, are activated by antibodies and lectin by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 Complement pathways are activated in response to infections and involved in opsonization, phagocytosis and lysis of microbes The"b" subunit of complement such as C3b or C5b is deposited on the microbes, whereas the "a" subunit, C3a or C5a recruits phagocytic cells to the site of infection and promotes inflammation Alternative pathway is activated immediately due to presence of C3b because of spontaneous hydrolysis of C3, whereas classical pathways in several days after secretion of pathogen-specific antibodies Seven complement(C) proteins are made by liver and C5 is found in abundance
Which of the following statements are TRUE about the process of inflammation? (Select all that apply) Inflammation can occur with only the innate immune response involved. Leukocytes or white blood cells are found everywhere in the body to carry out inflammation as needed Growth factor from non-skin cells is responsible for the formation of scar tissue in place of the damaged skin cells The increase of warmed blood to a site of injury comes from the hypothalamus Phagocytes engulf invading microbes and dead white blood cells Phagocytosis is used during inflammation to make sure there is no debris