Why are nucleic acids considered a non-essential component of the diet? Bases, specifically purines can cause gout Man has an efficient salvage pathway for purines. Pyrimidines can substitute for most of the function of purines. Man is capable of synthesizing nucleotides de novo Purines are the precursors of nucleic acids and nucleic acids are not degraded nor renewed.
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- Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?The nucleotides were chemically modified. Select the modification that will result in a nucleotide being unable to link to the new nucleotide during the nucleic acid synthesis. 1 Adding a hydroxyl group to the second carbon in a sugar 2 Removing a hydroxyl group from the third carbon in a sugar 3 Both modifications will make the nucleotide become functional in the synthesis of nucleic acids.A methyltransferase enzyme capable of methylating ribosomes and changing their structure might protect against (choose all that apply) A. chloramphenicol B. penicillin C. polymyxin B D. bacitracin E. tetracycline
- Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?A ribozyme consists of ___________. a. clay c. DNA b. lipids d. RNAWhich is not a nucleotide base in DNA? a. adenine b. guanine c. glutamine d. thymine e. cytosine f. All are in DNA.
- The process whereby nitrogen is brought into organic molecules is called.___________ nitrification denitrification nitrogen fixation nitrogen cyclingPenicillin,an antibiotic inhibits the formation of cross links between sugar groups in peptidoglycan.Bacteria treated with penicillin should be:Scientists are interested in studying a toxic molecule found in a patient having a viral disease. They suspect the molecule originated from the retrovirus causing the disease. The challenge they have is that the molecule is in very small quantity to perform tests to determine its remedy. Give a detailed account on how the scientists can go about making more of the molecule considering that only the amino acid sequence of the molecule isknown.
- 49. Which of the following are CORRECTLY linked to their requirement for bacterial growth ? Group of answer choices PABA ( para amino benzoic acid) ::::: precursor for folic acid synthesis nitrogen ::::: for amine group ( -NH2)of amino acids & nitrogenous bases heme ::::: critical for cytochromes (in electron transport chain) purines & pyrimidines :::: nucleic acid synthesis phosphorous :::: DNA, RNA, phospholipids all of the above 50. What would you assume about an obligate aerobe ? Group of answer choices they have lipid A in their cell wall it's comparable to a microaerophiles more growth would be observed compared to an anaerobe under similar conditions lower SOD and catalase levels don't match with how it behaves in the presence of oxygen undergoes slow metabolism ( in presence of oxygen) ; more dormant cells than anaerobes can’t tolerate atmospheric oxygenWhat components make up a single nucleotide of DNA? Select all that apply. Ribose sugar Nitrogen containing base Three phosphate groups Deoxyribose sugarWhy are nucleobases in nucleic acids called "bases"? 1. Because they resemble baseball bases 2. They are fundamental to "hodling up" the DNA structure (like the base of a building holds up the rest of the building) 3. They are the "command center" of the cell. Like the "base" of operations for armed forces in a war. 4. They are hydrogen ion acceptors, like other chemical bases
