Which of the following phenomena are common sources of prisoners' dilemmas Select one or more: arms races ethical codes delegation of authority underprovision of public goods internalisation of authority O contracts and treaties socialisation of public goods O internalisation of externalities overuse of common goods O socialisation of costs
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- How does the concept of the Prisoner's Dilemma illustrate the challenges of cooperation and rational decision-making in economic scenarios?Answer the following question using the attached payoff matrix 1. Is there a Prisoners Dilemma in any of the quadrants? If so, explain how do you know by showing your understanding of a Prisoner's Dilemma. If not, explain why not.What is a prisoners' dilemma? a game that involves no dominant strategies a game in which prisoners are stumped because they cannot communicate with each other a game in which players act in rational, self-interested ways that leave everyone worse off a game in which players collude to outfox authorities
- Why is a cooperative outcome more likely in an often repeated prisoners’ dilemma?Describe an original social dilemma you observe in the real world -- i.e. a situation in which no one has an incentive to change what they're doing, but everyone would be better off if everyone changed what they were doing. Try to create two tables to present your dilemma as a 2×2 game. Your first table should be descriptive, Your second table should be a payoff matrix showing the payoffs for both players in each of the four situations Using your payoff matrix, describe the Nash equilibrium and the mutually preferred outcome.Is the solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game a Nash equilibrium? Why? The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is a Nash equilibrium because no player can improve his or her payoff by changing strategy unilaterally. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is not a Nash equilibrium because players do not end up in the best combination for both. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is not a Nash equilibrium because both players can improve their payoffs by cooperating. The solution to the prisoner’s dilemma game is a Nash equilibrium because it is a noncooperative game in which both players have to expect that the other is purely selfish.
- A "Prisoner's Dilemma" is a situation in which both parties: a) have an incentive to cooperate(meaning working with the other criminal by keeping one's mouth shut) even without communication b) have an incentive to not cooperate(meaning working with other criminal by keeping one's mouth shut) even through cooperation would be mutually benefical. c)have no incentives to cooperate or not cooperate because either way they lose.Select the term that best describes each definition listed in the following table. Definition Nash Equilibrium Dominant Strategy Collusion Tit-for-tat Strategy Payoff Matrix Prisoners' Dilemma Game A case in which individually rational behavior leads to a jointly inefficient outcome A player's best choice, if it exists, regardless of his or her opponent's strategy A strategy in which a player cooperates until the other player defects and then defects until the other player cooperates again The event that occurs when agents in a game form an agreement about which strategies to implementMary and Raj are the only two growers who provide organically grown corn to a local grocery store. Table below represents the choices available to Mary and Raj and the payoffs associated with each outcome. What is the best choice for Raj if he is sure that Mary will cooperate? If Mary thinks Raj will cheat, what should Mary do and why? What is the prisoner’s dilemma result? (A = Work independently; B = Cooperate and Raise prices. Each results entry lists Raj earnings first, and Mary's earnings second.) Mary A B Raj A ($100, $100) ($200, $0) B ($0, $200) ($150, $150)
- Two athletes of equal ability are competing for a prize of $10,000. Each is deciding whether to take a dangerous performance enhancing drug. If one athlete takes the drug, and the other does not, the one who takes the drug wins the prize. If both or neither take the drug, they tie and split the prize. Taking the drug imposes health risks that are equivalent to a loss of X dollars. a) Draw a 2×2 payoff matrix describing the decisions the athletes face. b) For what X is taking the drug the Nash equilibrium? c) Does making the drug safer (that is, lowering X) make the athletes better or worse off? Explain.Two athletes of equal ability are competing for a prize of $12,000. Each is deciding whether to take a dangerous performance-enhancing drug. If one athlete takes the drug and the other does not, the one who takes the drug wins the prize. If both or neither take the drug, they tie and split the prize. Taking the drug imposes health risks that are equivalent to a loss of XX dollars. Complete the following payoff matrix describing the decisions the athletes face. Enter Player One's payoff on the left in each situation, Player Two's on the right. Player Two's Decision Take Drug Don't Take Drug Player One's Decision Take Drug , , Don't Take Drug , , True or False: The Nash equilibrium is taking the drug if X is greater than $6,000. True False Suppose there was a way to make the drug safer (that is, have lower XX). Which of the following statements are true about the effects of making the drug safer? Check all that…Suppose two players play the prisoners' dilemma game a finite number of times, both players are rational, and the game is played with complete information, is a tit-for-tat strategy optimal in this case? Explain using your own words.