Why are the mannose-binding lectin and alternative pathwaysconsidered part of the innate immune system?

Q: What is the role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system?

A:

Q: How are the activities of natural killer cells and phagocytes similar and diff erent?

A: The organ system of the body serves the function of eliminating the foreign pathogen from the body…

Q: Which Escherichia coli genes are activated and which arerepressed during the stringent response, and…

A: Bacteria are microorganism that most commonly occur in the soil, air, water and in adverse…

Q: What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatoryresponse?

A: Prostaglandins are the lipid based compounds, found in animals, which have hormone like effects.…

Q: What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity?

A: Type II hypersensitivity is a type of mechanisms of the immune system of the body. The immune system…

Q: How does YopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway?

A: Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a serine/threonine kinase that acetylates various MAP kinases…

Q: Phagocytes are drawn to the area of cell damage by histamine by a process called

A: Phagocytes are categorised as white blood cells. They are responsible for engulfing cellular debris,…

Q: • In what ways does the classical pathway of complementactivation differ from the mannose-binding…

A: The complement system is also known as complement cascade and is a part of innate immune system. The…

Q: Apart from iron, which other cation has a clinically significant binding with transferrin?

A: A positively charged ion is called the cation. While the negatively charged are termed as the…

Q: Define thymosin-β4,

A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…

Q: Describe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.

A: Proteins with lipid recognition, kinase, phosphatase, and phospholipase activities are dynamically…

Q: he alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin…

A: The alternative pathway is one of three complement pathways that opsonize and kill pathogens. This…

Q: Explain how the chemical messenger histamine is biosynthesized and how it elicits each symptom of…

A: Histamine is considered as the chemical messenger, which is produced by the mast cell.

Q: What are the functions of Natural killer cells?

A: Immunity is a term that refers to the ability of the body to fight against the antigen by producing…

Q: Which components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with…

A: The phosphoinositide signaling (PSS) system works by the activation of the phospholipase (PLC)…

Q: What are the pathways for cytokinin synthesis

A: Introduction:-  Cytokinins are a group of plant hormones that induce cytokinesis in plant roots and…

Q: What are hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?

A: Haemtopoeisis Production of all types of blood cells including formation, development and…

Q: What is diauxic growth? Explain the roles of cAMP and CAP in this process.

A: The growth of microorganisms is defined as the multiplication of organisms to produce daughter…

Q: What is the role of ppp1r2 in inhibiting PP1?

A: Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) belongs to the protein serine/threonine phosphatases family of…

Q: How do TLRs recognize PAMPs?

A: Answer: Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a proteins group which has role in the innate…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…

A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…

Q: How do Membrane receptors important in humoral signalling.

A: Humoral immunity is mediated by macromolecules like antibodies in the extracellular fluid.…

Q: Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared…

A: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which contains three serine-threonine kinases,…

Q: What do rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor mean?  What is the cause of each in the inflammatory process?

A: Rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor occurs when inflammation occurs in the body. Inflammation refers to…

Q: Patients carrying specific mutations in the gene encoding the TLR4 protein are susceptible to…

A: Due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or result of environmental factors such as UV light and…

Q: What is fadh2?

A: The coenzymes are organic, non-protein molecules that are necessary for the functioning of the…

Q: Name three proteins that are subject to the control mechanism of zymogen activation.

A: The metabolic reactions of a cell require the tertiary proteins called enzymes which increases the…

Q: The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely…

A: Acetylation or phosphorylation are the modifications in the proteins by changing its structure,…

Q: Even though GRB2 lacks intrinsic enzyme activity, it is an essential component of the epidermal…

A: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,…

Q: List the types of exudate produced in inflammation.

A: Introduction :- Exudate is fluid that seeps into adjacent tissues from blood arteries. Cells,…

Q: Mutations in which of the following would MOST DIRECTLY affect the cAMP signaling pathway?…

A: Introduction :- Cell signalling is the process through which extracellular signals from the outside…

Q: How does a cytotoxic T cell (or NKcell) avoid being killed by the perforinand granzymes that it…

A: A kind of immune cell which has the ability to kill specific cells, such as foreign cells, cancer…

Q: What are the properties provide that chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is differentiated from other…

A: CMA  is selection of soluble cytosolic proteins which are chaperone dependent and that then target…

Q: During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives…

A: Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell binds to the item it to engulf an item inward while…

Q: What the difference between Ca binds to troponin and Troponin?

A: Troponins are a group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate…

Q: During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by…

A: Inflammation refers to the immune response of the body to stimuli such as pathogen, toxic compounds,…

Q: ALT is not used as a hepatocellular damage marker in cattle, Explain why.

A: Blood biochemical profiles are being extensively used in veterinary medicine not only for individual…

Q: What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation…

A: The first-line of defense mechanism is known as innate immunity, and the immune cell-mediated…

Q: How does antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A: It is a cell-mediated innate immune response. This response is especially targeted for those…

Q: Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through…

A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…

Q: What is the difference between Prima-1 and nutlins in the way they would fight cancer?

A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…

Q: What cells release histamine during allergic responses?

A: Hypersensitivity refers to immune response, induced by repeated antigen exposure, that results in…

Q: Describe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4.

A: Single Transduction pathway which is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4: LPS are the…

Q: What is the defensemechanism that begins towork when inflammation failsto stop an infection?

A: The initial non-specific response of the defense system was produced against infectious parasites,…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.