X is a zoonotic infection first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The infection presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. X was first identified outside of Africa in 2003 and later reported in the United States of America, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. The pets were reportedly housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice, imported from Ghana. X has also been further reported in travelers from Nigeria to different countries around the world between 2018 and 2021. This resulted in multiple cases of X identified in several non-endemic countries in 2022, including South Africa. 3.1 Explain the clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosis of infection X( five each

X is a zoonotic infection first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The infection presents clinically with fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes and may lead to a range of medical complications. X was first identified outside of Africa in 2003 and later reported in the United States of America, linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. The pets were reportedly housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice, imported from Ghana. X has also been further reported in travelers from Nigeria to different countries around the world between 2018 and 2021. This resulted in multiple cases of X identified in several non-endemic countries in 2022, including South Africa. 3.1 Explain the clinical symptoms and laboratory diagnosis of infection X( five each

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2CS: There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s....

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There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. If you were traveling in Europe, would you eat beef? Give sound reasons why or why not.
There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. What measures have been taken to stop BSE?
The book "Spillover" by David Quammen mentions the significance of anecdotal evidence from locals who've experienced isolated outbreaks. Give an example from the book of such evidence and how it is actually valuable to scientists, even if accounts are second- or third hand. How was anecdotal evidence used to understand the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? Give two specific examples.
Regarding EV71 infection, the following statement about this pathogen is correct, EXCEPT The best preventive approach is to stop contact with infected individuals There is a natural animal reservoir for the virus except humans There is a specific vaccination available The infection often occurs in children between 6 months to 5 years-old Death may happen in those with severely-infected and central nervous involvement
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…
An outbreak of a vector borne disease along a river system in centrla Uganda has been identified, triggering a national alert. Patients present with complex neurological symptoms and flagellated parasites have been isolated from local animals. Based on the above information, what pathogen do you suspect might be the cause? And why? To control the outbreak, what treatments and interventions would be the most effective?
On 17 August 2022, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reported a confirmed case of Ebola virus in the Beni district of North Kivu province. As an epidemiologist, describe the steps you would recommend to prevent further spread of the virus in the local area,as well as to neighboring countries.
Besides Lyme disease, is there another pathogen transmitted to ticks by way of the white footed mouse as its reservoir? Also, is there another pathogen that is spread to humans by ticks either from another human or animal besides the pathogen that causes Lyme disease?
Why is virulence expected to increase with vector or water-borne transmission, relative to direct transmission? Using the concept of a “cost of virulence”, explain how vertical transmission or transmission in a hospital is thought to affect the level of virulence favored by natural selection?
Explain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.