Chapter 1, Problem 3QA

Which of the following is not an argument for central bank intervention?     Exchange rates are highly volatile.     Exchange rate fluctuations have an adverse effect on the macroeconomy.     The market knows better than economic policy makers what the appropriate level of the exchange rate is.     Central bank intervention can smooth out fluctuations in exchange rates.

Leads are deliberate early payments of amounts due to be paid in foreign currency to overseas suppliers, or other foreign currency payments. Leads can avoid the risk that the sterling cost of these payments may rise if the amounts of the payments are quoted in foreign currency and the foreign currency increases in value Under what circumstances can how an international company can use ‘leads and lags’ to protect itself against foreign exchange risk.

Investors and MNCs exporting or importing goods and services or making foreign investments throughout the global economy are faced with an exchange rate risk,which can have severe financial consequences on firms profitability,cash flows,and their market value,if not managed appropriately. MNC's use a number of external techniques  of risk(exposure)management and resort to contractual relationships outside thier companies in order to reduce (or redistribute)the risk of foreign exchange losses.What are the determinants of hedging currency risk or foreign exchange exposures which pose risks to MNC's cashflows,competitiveness,marker value and financial reporting.