llowing data are similar to the results obtained in the study.
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A long history of psychology research has demonstrated that memory is usually improved by studying material on multiple occasions rather than one time only. This effect is commonly known as distributed practice or spacing effects. In a recent paper examining this effect, Cepeda et al. (2008) looked at the influence of different delays or gaps between study sessions. The results suggest that optimal long-term memory occurs when the study periods are spaced one to three weeks apart. In one part of the study, a group of participants studied a set of obscure trivia facts one day, returned the next day for a second study period, and then was tested five weeks later. A second group went through the same procedure but had a one-week gap between the two study sessions. The following data are similar to the results obtained in the study.
|
1-Day Gap Between Study Sessions
|
1-Week Gap Between Study Sessions
|
|---|---|
| n = 20 | n = 20 |
| M = 26.4 | M = 29.6 |
| SS = 395 | SS = 460 |
|
Pooled Variance
|
Estimated Standard Error
|
t Statistic
|
Critical Values
|
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | ? | ? | ? |
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- What is the step-step solution to this problem? Does posting calorie content for menu items affect people’s choices in fast-food restaurants? According to results obtained by Elbel, Gyamfi, and Kersh (2011), the answer is no. The researchers monitored the calorie content of food purchases for children and adolescents in four large fast-food chains before and after mandatory labeling began in New York City. Although most of the adolescents reported noticing the calorie labels, apparently the labels had no effect on their choices. Data similar to the results obtained show an average of M = 786 calories per meal with s = 85 for n = 100 children and adolescents before the labeling, compared to an average of M = 772 calories with s = 91 for a similar sample of n = 100 after the mandatory posting. Use a two-tailed test with a α .05 to determine whether the mean number of calories after the posting is significantly different than before calorie content was posted. 3. Calculate r 2 to…Suzanne Zeedyk, a developmental psychologist at Dundee University’s School of Psychology, conducted a pilot study in which parents started a half-hour walk with their infants in a parent-facing or an away-facing stroller and then switched to the other type of stroller midway. Her results suggest that parents talked less to the babies, the babies had higher heart rates, and they were less likely to fall asleep in away-facing strollers than in parent-facing strollers. You are interested in testing the hypothesis that babies who travel in parent-facing strollers have different expressive vocabularies than babies who travel in away-facing strollers. You randomly assign 13 newborns to parent-facing strollers and 13 newborns to away-facing strollers. You then test the babies’ expressive vocabularies at age 36 months using the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT), which is designed primarily to assess children’s expressive vocabulary. The sample means and sums of squares of the scores for each of…Suzanne Zeedyk, a developmental psychologist at Dundee University’s School of Psychology, conducted a pilot study in which parents started a half-hour walk with their infants in a parent-facing or an away-facing stroller and then switched to the other type of stroller midway. Her results suggest that parents talked less to the babies, the babies had higher heart rates, and they were less likely to fall asleep in away-facing strollers than in parent-facing strollers. You are interested in testing the hypothesis that babies who travel in parent-facing strollers have different receptive vocabularies than babies who travel in away-facing strollers. You randomly assign 18 newborns to parent-facing strollers and 18 newborns to away-facing strollers. You then test the babies’ receptive vocabularies at age 18 months using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised (PPVT-R), which is designed primarily to assess children’s receptive vocabulary. The sample means and sums of squares of the…
- In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…For 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse.
- For 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse. What is the independent and dependent variable?In the book Business Research Methods (5th ed.), Donald R. Cooper and C. William Emory discuss studying the relationship between on-the-job accidents and smoking. Cooper and Emory describe the study as follows: Suppose a manager implementing a smoke-free workplace policy is interested in whether smoking affects worker accidents. Since the company has complete reports of on-the-job accidents, she draws a sample of names of workers who were involved in accidents during the last year. A similar sample from among workers who had no reported accidents in the last year is drawn. She interviews members of both groups to determine if they are smokers or not. The sample results are given in the following table. On-the-Job Accident Smoker Yes No Row Total Heavy 12 5 17 Moderate 9 10 19 Nonsmoker 13 17 30 Column total 34 32 66 Expected counts are below observed counts Accident No Accident Total Heavy 12 5 17 8.76 8.24…Parents are frequently concerned when their child seems slow to begin walking (although when the child finally walks, the resulting havoc sometimes has the parents wishing they could turn back the clock!). An article on this topic reported on an experiment in which the effects of several different treatments on the age at which a child first walks were compared. Children in the first group were given special walking exercises for 12 minutes per day beginning at age 1 week and lasting 7 weeks. The second group of children received daily exercises but not the walking exercises administered to the first group. The third and fourth groups were control groups. They received no special treatment and differed only in that the third group's progress was checked weekly, whereas the fourth group's progress was checked just once at the end of the study. Observations on age (in months) when the children first walked are shown in the accompanying table. Age n Total Treatment 1 9.00 9.50…
- During the Covid crisis, there were lockdowns and working-from-home, whichmade collecting data on unemployment more challenging. Researchers fromHeriot Watt University conducted a survey of 1,000 individuals in the labour forceto assess rise in unemployment in September 2020. The object was to find outwhether the unemployment rate had risen above a benchmark proportion of 5per cent of the labour force in Scotland. Of the surveyed persons, 60 reportedbeing unemployed in the week prior to the survey.(i) Conduct a two-tailed test of whether unemployment rate during this periodwas 5 per cent. Set out your null and alternative hypotheses, significancelevel, test statistic, assumptions and sampling distribution clearly. Conductthe test and comment on the economic significance of the findings. (ii) Now conduct a one-tailed test of whether unemployment rate during thisperiod exceeded 5 per cent. Set out your null and alternative hypotheses,significance level, test statistic, assumptions and…During the Covid crisis, there were lockdowns and working-from-home, which made collecting data on unemployment more challenging. Researchers from a US University conducted a survey of 1,000 individuals in the labour force to assess rise in unemployment in September 2020. The object was to find out whether the unemployment rate had risen above a benchmark proportion of 5 per cent of the labour force in Scotland. Of the surveyed persons, 60 reported being unemployed in the week prior to the survey. Conduct a two-tailed test of whether unemployment rate during this period was 5 per cent. Set out your null and alternative hypotheses, significance level, test statistic, assumptions and sampling distribution clearly. Conduct the test and comment on the economic significance of the findings.A research article on the effect of multitasking on grade performance describes an experiment in which 62 undergraduate business students were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Students in one group were asked to listen to a lecture but were told that they were permitted to use cell phones to send text messages during the lecture. Students in the second group listened to the same lecture but were not permitted to send text messages. Afterwards, students in both groups took a quiz on material covered in the lecture. Data from this experiment are summarized in the accompanying table.