Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399920
Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 1SOP
To determine
The lifespan on the main-sequence of an
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For a main sequence star with luminosity L, how many kilograms of hydrogen is being converted into helium per second? Use the formula that you derive to estimate the mass of hydrogen atoms that are converted into helium in the interior of the sun (LSun = 3.9 x 1026 W).
(Note: the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 mproton and the mass of a helium atom is 3.97 mproton. You need four hydrogen nuclei to form one helium nucleus.)
Assume that when a certain main sequence star becomes a giant gas, its luminosity increases from L to 1000 L and its radius also increases from R to 1000 R. If the initial surface temperature is T, what approximately is the final surface temperature?
A. 0.032 T
B. 0.18 T
C. 0.0010 T
D. 0.010 T
Use
t =
1
M2.5
to compute the life expectancy of a 0.6-solar-mass star. (A solar lifetime is approximately 10 billion years.) yrWhy might this be an underestimate if the star is fully mixed by convection?
a) If the star is fully mixed its mass will be much larger than 0.6 solar masses.
b) If the star is fully mixed its mass will be much smaller than 0.6 solar masses.
c) If the star is fully mixed it will be able to use a larger portion of its hydrogen in fusion than the Sun.
d) If the star is fully mixed it will be able to use a smaller portion of its hydrogen in fusion than the Sun.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 12 - Prob. 1RQCh. 12 - Prob. 2RQCh. 12 - Prob. 3RQCh. 12 - Prob. 4RQCh. 12 - Prob. 5RQCh. 12 - Describe the law of hydrostatic equilibrium.Ch. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - Prob. 8RQCh. 12 - Prob. 9RQCh. 12 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 12 - Prob. 11RQCh. 12 - Prob. 12RQCh. 12 - Prob. 13RQCh. 12 - Prob. 14RQCh. 12 - Prob. 15RQCh. 12 - Prob. 16RQCh. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - Prob. 19RQCh. 12 - What gives the triple-alpha process its name? Why...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - Prob. 24RQCh. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Prob. 26RQCh. 12 - Prob. 27RQCh. 12 - Prob. 28RQCh. 12 - Prob. 29RQCh. 12 - Prob. 30RQCh. 12 - Prob. 31RQCh. 12 - How Do We Know? How can mathematical models allow...Ch. 12 - Prob. 1PCh. 12 - Prob. 2PCh. 12 - Prob. 3PCh. 12 - Prob. 4PCh. 12 - Prob. 5PCh. 12 - Prob. 6PCh. 12 - Prob. 7PCh. 12 - Prob. 8PCh. 12 - Prob. 9PCh. 12 - Prob. 10PCh. 12 - Prob. 11PCh. 12 - Prob. 12PCh. 12 - Prob. 13PCh. 12 - Prob. 14PCh. 12 - Prob. 15PCh. 12 - Prob. 16PCh. 12 - Prob. 1SOPCh. 12 - Prob. 2SOPCh. 12 - Prob. 1LTLCh. 12 - Prob. 2LTLCh. 12 - Prob. 3LTLCh. 12 - Prob. 4LTLCh. 12 - Prob. 5LTL
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- If a 3 and 8 MSunstar formed together in a binary system, which star would: A. Evolve off the main sequence first? B. Form a carbon- and oxygen-rich white dwarf? C. Be the location for a nova explosion?arrow_forwardAccording to the text, a star must be hotter than about 25,000 K to produce an H II region. Both the hottest white dwarfs and main-sequence O stars have temperatures hotter than 25,000 K. Which type of star can ionize more hydrogen? Why?arrow_forwardDescribe the evolution of a star with a mass similar to that of the Sun, from the protostar stage to the time it first becomes a red giant. Give the description in words and then sketch the evolution on an HR diagram.arrow_forward
- A G2 star has a luminosity 100 times that of the Sun. What kind of star is it? How does its radius compare with that of the Sun?arrow_forwardA star begins its life with a mass of 5 MSunbut ends its life as a white dwarf with a mass of 0.8 MSun. List the stages in the star’s life during which it most likely lost some of the mass it started with. How did mass loss occur in each stage?arrow_forwardWhat is the lifetime on the main sequence of a 2-solar-mass star? a. 1.8 × 1011 years b. 1.8 × 1010 years c. 1.8 × 109 years d. 1.8 × 106 years e. 1.8 × 103 yearsarrow_forward
- If the main-sequence mass lower limit is 0.08 solar mass and the brightest main-sequence stars are 1 million times more luminous than the Sun, what is the mass range along the main sequence in the figure below? (answer in solar masses)arrow_forwardHow many times hotter than our sun is the hottest type O star, which has a surface temperature 40,000 K? Number times hotter =arrow_forwardAssume that an O main-sequence star (40,000 K) and a G main-sequence star (5,500 K) have the same radius. How many times brighter is the O star? LO LG = Star B is located 2.6 times farther from earth than Star A, but both have the same apparent visual magnitude of 1 mag. Which star is intrinsically brighter?How many times brighter is the star? If a star has an apparent magnitude equal to its absolute magnitude, how far away is it in parsecs? pcarrow_forward
- Which stars are associated with a planetary nebula? black holes, neutron star's, white dwarf or main sequence stars?arrow_forwardFor each statement concerning main sequence stars, select T True, F False, G Greater than, L Less than, or E Equal to. A) The surface temperature of a O type star is .... than a K type star. B) On the main sequence, the mass of a O type star is .... than a F type star. C) On the main sequence, a M type star's life is .... than a G type star. D) The surface temperature of our Sun is .... than the surface temperature of Sirius. E) When stars start hydrogen burning, thier mass determines where they are on the main sequence. F) Based on the relative lifes of M and G type stars we expect the number of M stars to be .... than the number of G type stars.arrow_forward
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