Chapter 15.1, Problem 1PP

Identify each of the following as an oxidation or a reduction reaction:

a. ${\text{Al}}^{3+}(aq)+3e^{-}\to \text{Al}(s)$

b. $\text{Ca}(s)\to {\text{Ca}}^{2+}(aq)+2e^{-}$

c. ${\text{Fe}}^{3+}(aq)+e^{-}\to {\text{Fe}}^{2+}(aq)$