Concept explainers
If you have sleep apnea, you never get a good night’s sleep. Although you may not realize it, your sleep is briefly interrupted from 30 to more than 100 times each night when you temporarily stop breathing for 10 to 60 seconds (“apnea” means “without breath”). Your blood O2 falls and CO2 rises, causing you to partially awaken, often with a snort. What causes this? Obstructive sleep apnea, the most common form, occurs when muscles that support the tongue and soft tissues of the pharynx relax, causing these tissues to collapse and obstruct the airway. People who snore, are overweight, drink alcohol before bed, or smoke are all more susceptible to sleep apnea. The resulting daytime drowsiness, making it hard to concentrate and dangerous to drive, is bad enough. But the repeated O2 deprivation and CO2 buildup caused by sleep apnea puts your heart at risk as well, so this is a condition to take seriously. How does your body know that you have stopped breathing?
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Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
- Underwater, we humans cant compete with whales and other air-breathing marine mammals, which can stay submerged for extended periods. At the beach one day you meet a surfer who tells you that special training could allow her to swim underwater without breathing for an entire hour. From what you know of respiratory physiology, explain why she is mistaken.arrow_forwardDue to its partial pressure gradient, carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into tissue fluid and into the ________; in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses into the ________. a. alveoli; bronchioles b. bloodstream; bronchioles c. alveoli; bloodstream d. bloodstream; alveoliarrow_forwardGas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________. external respiration inteipulmonarv respiration internal respiiation pulmonary ventilationarrow_forward
- Of the following, which does not explain why the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the lung than in the external air? Air in the lung is humidified; therefore, water vapor pressure alters the pressure Carbon dioxide mixes with oxygen Oxygen is moved into the blood and is headed to the tissues Lungs exert a pressure on the air to reduce the oxygen pressure.arrow_forwardIn a _______, air flows continually across the respiratory surface. a. fish b. bird c. frog d. mammalarrow_forwardAs CO2 increases in arterial blood, CO2 will combine with H2O and form H2CO3 in the cerebral spinal fluid. H2CO3 will break down to H+ and HCO3- and the H+ stimulate the medulla to increase the rate and depth of breathing True Falsearrow_forward
- Compared to healthy individuals, the lungs' residual volumes of patients with emphysema is _______________ Greater because these patients lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged to the point that air gets trapped, which increases their lungs' residual volume as well as the total lung capacity. However, these patients have problems oxygenating their blood because their damaged alveoli make them less able to absorb oxygen into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Greater. With emphysema, the lungs become increasingly compliant, due to alveolar destruction. As the alveoli are destroyed, air is trapped in the lungs, and TLC is increased. This makes these patients be more efficient at absorbing oxygen into their bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from their blood. Smaller because these patients lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged to the point that air gets trapped,ÿÿwhich decreases their lungs' residual volume as well as their total lung capacity. These…arrow_forwardThe respiratory system You are going to use models, charts, a short video and page 26 of the student book to learn about the respiratory system. Use the following words to label the diagram below. air sac bronchiole bronchus diaphragm intercostal muscles lung pleural membrane rib trachea List the parts of the respiratory system that: a molecule of oxygen passes through before entering the blood, starting with the trachea Trachea à _____________________________________________________________ a molecule of carbon dioxide passes through after leaving the blood, starting with an air sac Air sac à ______________________________________________________________arrow_forwardFill in the blank: The two major components of the respiratory center are the rhythmicity area of the _______________________and the pneumotaxic area of the pons.arrow_forward
- Chronic cigarette smokers can develop a disease called emphysema. Emphysema destroys and bursts the alveoli in the lungs. Explain how an individual with emphysema will have a difficult time carrying out respiration.arrow_forwardWhich of the following controls the normal breathing process?a) Amino acidsb) Cholesterolc) Ventral respiratory groupd) Dorsal respiratory grouparrow_forwardThe human respiratory systems of humans and grasshoppers have different adaptations to maximise the rate of gaseous exchange. State the similarities and differences between the human respiratory system and the grasshopper breathing system.arrow_forward
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