Borrelia

What is the “common name” of this worm? The common name of this worm is the New World hookworm or the American killer. 3. What does your worm look like? What are some defining characteristics? Are there differences between female and male? The worm looks like a small worm with a slender cylindrical body that has a cuticle, and three outer layers of collagen. Some defining and gender-based characteristics is that they experience gender dimorphism with the female worms growing up between 9mm to

Borrelia burgdoferi is a member of the spirochete phylum of bacteria, which represents an ancient evolutionary branch only distantly related to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is recognized as a causative factor of a special clinical entity known as Lyme disease which is transmitted by infected ticks. The discovery of this microorganism and subsequent elucidation of its distinctive cellular and molecular biology is considered one of the greatest stories in the chronicles of bacterial

(Hildenbrand et al., 2009). Borrelia bacteria remain localised in the area of the bite before subsequent inflammatory responses cause vasodilation allowing Borrelia to disseminate throughout the host’s body (Pachner & Steiner, 2007). Immune evasion mechanisms Across the three main strains of Borrelia, on average 8% of coding DNA in their genome is devoted purely towards synthesizing surface lipoproteins (Pal & Fikrig, 2003). This large allocation and subsequent recombination allows Borrelia change the expression

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type.[1] The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness, known as erythema migrans, that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. About 25% of people do not develop a rash. Other early symptoms may include fever, headache, and feeling tired. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to

include severe headaches, stiffness, more rashes on the body, arthritis, and Bells’ palsy, heart palpitations, and dizziness, shortness of breath, nerve pains, and problems with short term memory (FamilyDoctor.com, 2014). Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (Shiel). For a patient to be infected with Lyme disease, the deer tick must be infected. Prevention of Lyme disease includes showering immediately and removing the tick from the skin (CDC, 2014). Pathophysiology Pathophysiology of Lyme

Lyme disease is a bacterial illness that is transfused to humans via a bite from a tick infected with the disease. (Ticks are scientifically classified as Arachnida, a specific classification that also includes spiders.) The most common ticks known to carry Lyme disease are the Deer Tick and the Western Black-Legged Tick. The first manifestation of an infection is typically a rash, which may appear to resemble a bull 's eye. The proliferation of the infection progressively brings on symptoms

Introduction, Casual Agent & Epidemiology Statistics obtained from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 30,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2015). The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO, 2016). Surprisingly, it

victims. The disease is transmitted by a vector, specifically a tick, which infects their host by biting and infecting them with pathological spirochete bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi (Muschart & Blommaert, 2015). There are several species of Borrelia globally, and as a group, the bacteria are referred to as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Pearson, 2015). The disease originated from, Lyme Connecticut, of which it was named, after a patient was mistakenly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis

Throughout history, humankind has been exposed to millions of unique and troubling pathogens. Some of these pathogens are well known, such as the bubonic plague, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS, but others are relatively unknown and remain shrouded in mystery. One such example has been spreading to become the most common vector-borne disease that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This “hidden pandemic”, known as Lyme disease, is silently infecting

Statistics obtained from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 30,000 of Lyme Disease being reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2015). The above statistic categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism which is able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human. (WHO, 2016). Not many may know that it was not until 1982