Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

to high affinity of receptors for hormone ⇒ Slow dissociation of hormone (2) Ligand – Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes  Receptors are polypeptides Consist of: 1. Extracellular ligand-binding site 2. Cytoplasmic enzyme/ catalyic domain.   The cytoplasmic enzyme/ catalytic domain may be: › Tyrosine kinase › Serine Kinase › Guanylyl cyclase  Agonist binds to receptor’s extracellular domain  Change in receptor conformation  Two receptor polypeptides bind together (Inactive

CNB-001, pyrazole derivative of curcumin for its ability to reduce intracellular Aβ induces eIF2 and PERK (protein kinase R-like extracellular signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation, and HSP90 and ATF4 levels. When fed to AD transgenic mice, CNB-001 also increases eIF2 phosphorylation and HSP90 and ATF4 levels, and limits the accumulation of soluble Aβand ubiquitinated aggregated proteins

Oncogenic RAS is the single most abundant phenotype seen in cancers seen in almost 30% of human tumours screened (Stafford, Walker and Webb, 2012); with certain mutations in RAS being the single determining factor for carcinogenesis. The role of RAS in signal transduction pathways involved in cellular proliferation, apoptotic evasion and cell survival make RAS a key proto-oncogene vulnerable to oncogenic mutations. (Weinberg, 2014) The structural indications of certain mutations in RAS is widely understood

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase in which this catalytic subunit forms into two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 (Laplante et al., 2009 and Bar-Peled et al., 2014). The two multiprotein complexes share many similarities, but are still distinct from one another.

multiple locations of the brain with DA release from the midbrain having a central role in reward and drug dependence (Kim, Inoue et al. 2007) . It has been found that DA levels rapidly change after substance abuse, in which levels of DA are up regulated after administration of a large array of drugs, including that of cocaine, which leads to eventual blunting of the DA levels after prolonged use and onset of the cocaine addiction. A study performed by Martinez and Narendran (2007) had found that

understanding of quorum-sensing regulation among staphylococci. Quorum sensing is one of the regulatory mechanism by which staphylococci regulates the gene expression in accordance with its population density and surrounding environment through the use of signal molecules during cell-to- cell communication. Such mechanism is important for the staphylococci pathogenesis, as it provides coordination and communication among the staphylococci for its group behavior. The regulation of Quorum sensing in staphylococci

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. History of opioid research Opioid drugs and their receptor is one of the most extensively studying areas in pharmacology. This field of research really began from isolation of morphine, an active ingredient of opium, by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1989. The compound he managed to isolate was called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dream. Later Pierre Robiquet in France isolated the second predominant alcholoid of opium, codeine. After the discovery

In a study conducted 25 years ago, Hoffman et al determined the neuroprotective effects of Dex in animals with different insults to the brain has been reported in a study which showed that this drug decreases centeral symphathetic activity , and thus attenuating anesthetic demands on neurological and histopathological outcome after incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats. [1]. It was demonstrated that brain ischemia improved neurological and histopathological outcome after incomplete ischemia in rats

GSH is the major low-molecular-mass thiol in most cell types, and it plays a crucial role in the prevention of oxidative injury. It has been shown in numerous studies that GSH and cellular thiols are initial targets for HOCl (and the other hypohalous acids) with in cells. Early studies with RBCs showed that GSH was rapidly depleted on addition of HOCl, with upto 90% of the GSH lost shown to be converted to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) upon exposure to oxidant concentrations Z50 µM (Vissers et al

Mobile phone exposure and carcinogenesis Brain cancer is the most frightening hazard of mobile phone use. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified RF fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans,” in 2002 in spite of limited evidence from human and animal studies (IARC, 2002). The relation between mobile phone radiation exposure and cancer are justified. Muscat et al. (2000) showed that a relationship exists between mobile phone use and meningioma or glioma. A meta-analysis