Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

Cell Death Cell death is when a biological cell stops carrying out is function. Cell death can be due to the natural process of replacing old cells with new ones, or may result from factors such as disease, localized injury, or even death of the whole organism. Apoptosis vs. Necrosis Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is caused by normal processes of the human body, necrosis on the other hand is a form of cell death that is caused by disease states or external inputs such as infection or injury

It has been agreed in the literature that memories can generally be defined in terms of time (Nader, Schafe & LeDoux, 2000). Memory is sensitive to disruption soon after learning as it is in a labile state of short-term memory (STM). Conversely, memory enters a stable form and is less sensitive to such disruptions in long-term memory (LTM) at a later stage after learning (Nader et al.). Research has argued that the process in which labile new memories transform into stable long-lasting memories is

Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a rare inherited autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene (Nookala et al., 2012; Nickerson et al., 2002; Menko et al., 2012; Hartman et a., 2009). BHD patients develop fibrofolliculomas and lung cysts increasing their risk to develop renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and pneumothorax (Nookala et a., 2012; Menko et al., 2012; Hartman et al., 2009). The majority of the BHD patient population contain germline mutations in FLCN exon

are all components of the TME,each with specific functions. When activated, they take on a similar in function to those found in inflammation and wound healing and cause fibroblast infiltration, recruitment of immune cells, remodelling of the extracellular matrix. This is why cancer has been likened to a wound that never heals, the tumour stroma being chronically activated and promoting growth and angiogenesis (Dvorak, 1984). The rapid proliferation of tumour cells soon exhausts the existing vascular

are dynamic tissues that undergo changes need to maintain bone and calcium homeostasis through a process called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is an essential process that repairs damaged bone and maintains mineral homeostasis. This process is regulated by two main cells that perform opposite, but complementary function. Osteoblasts are the main bone forming cells that originate from mesenchymal stem cell lineage. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix which they later mineralized to form bone. During

expression of VEGF is regulated via several mechanisms including oxygen tension, autocrine and paracrine signaling, and oncogenic signaling.5 VEGF is a homodimeric glycoprotein that binds to VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 & VEGFR-2) with high affinity (K¬d ~ 1-10 pM and Kd ~ 10-100 pM, respectively) on the extracellular surface of endothelial cells.5,7 Activation of VGFR, a tyrosine kinase receptor, prompts receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation that initiates signal transduction

Assignment topic: Liver Regeneration Submitted To : Dr.Samina By: Razia Saleem Quaid - e - Azam University Dept : Animal Sciences

extensively studied and are linked to wound healing as well as metastasis in cancer cells (Lawson et al., 2012). When extracellular signals, either chemical or physical, contact the cell surface it triggers a response that induces movement. If the signaling molecule is a growth factor (ex. Epidermal Growth Factor) it could activate a GTPase protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The next is a signal cascade often led by Rabs or Ras (small G-proteins) proteins that are powered by GTPase hydrolysis, which often

Major Depressive Disorder impacts many people worldwide. According to Devi et al. (2005), the disorder is characterized by feelings of sadness accompanied by emotional and physical withdrawal, all thought to result from molecular and cellular abnormalities that interact with genetic and environmental factors. To date, no concrete neurobiological explanation exists to completely define, diagnose and treat this illness. Depression debilitates patients, society and economies. An estimated 14.8 million

Liver X Receptor α (LXR α) is ligand activated nuclear transcription factor which regulate the expression of target genes involved in various physiological processes. Recently, LXR has also been shown to express in skin tissue such as sebaceous gland, hair follicle, epidermal keratinocyte, melanocytes and fibroblast and was found to be linked with various skin disorder pathogeneses [16]. Various researchers have reported the effect of activated LXR on melanogenesis [7-10]. The aim of this study