Fluorescein

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes1. The presentation of DR is a visual indication of longstanding diabetes and is a significant cause of vision impairment. In 2015, it was estimated there were 415 million sufferers worldwide (1 in 11), increasing to 642 million (1 in 10)2 by 2040. Of those suffering diabetes, DR impacts approximately 4.2 million people, and this number is predicted to rise to 16 million by 20502. The prevalence of DR does not mirror

Nasal mucoadhesive is the most recent, efficient and sophisticated drug delivery systems in the market and one of the topics that underline the focus of attention of many research and development institutions, comparing to the convenient oral administration this delivery system has showed better pharmacokinetic parameters with increasing the bioavailability and prolonging the residence time with a faster onset of action, adding the other advantages which mainly raised due to overcome the disadvantage

Dictyostelium discoideum--also known as slime mold--is an amoeba, whose natural habitat is soil and decaying leaves found in the deciduous forest (key paper). This organism’s life cycle consists of a unicellular phase and a multicellular phase. During the unicellular phase, the amoeba feeds on bacteria and yeast, and reproduces through binary fission. Upon starvation conditions, D. discoideum amoeba collect into aggregates. Cell differentiation would occur at this point to eventually create a multicellular

Toxoplasma gondii, Joan Ng Kiat Yee: BM304 revision guide 2015 The physiology, metabolism, biochemistry Toxoplsama gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that forms cyst coccidian in warm-blooded animals, primarily in the Felida – domestic cats (Shannon et al., 2015). The organism also causes a wide range of diseases in different intermediate hosts, ranging from animals, such as mammals and birds to human (Astrid et al., 2000). In human, this parasite poses serious threat by causing a

Bordetella pertussis is one of and the most severe causative bacterium of whooping cough, the other being Bordetella parapertussis1. It is highly contagious and treatment is generally more effective if started earlier. However, it takes far too long to culture, and since the patient will not be isolated or treated until a diagnosis from the culture is made, this gives the bacteria more chances of infecting another person and further compromising the patient’s condition. Multiplex polymerase chain

Physical evidence collected at a crime scene provides much needed information for a criminal investigator to build his or her case. Since the inception of the Innocence Project in 1992, more than 300 wrongfully convicted people have been exonerated after DNA testing established that the crime for which he or she had been convicted was committed by another (Innocenceproject.org, n.d.). Advances in forensic science makes possible the means to individualize other items of evidence that point to the

Interstitial lung disease is much less common in SLE, being more frequent as disease duration increases. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is the most common histological pattern found in patients with SLE (Torre and Harari, 2011). Acute lupus pneumonitis is a rare manifestation of lupus, with an incidence ranging between 1-12%. Patients with acute lupus pneumonitis usually present with fever, dyspnea, cough, tachypnea, and pleu¬ritic chest pain. Physical findings commonly include basal crackles

Intra-Operative Image Guidance in Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) using rigid endoscopes has developed into becoming the mainstay treatment for opening obstructed outflow tracts of the paranasal sinuses. However, limitations surrounding FESS have resulted in intra-operative Image-Guidance Systems (IGS) to improve outcomes in complex skull base procedures. A principal limitation of the endoscopic endonasal approach is the availability of only a two-dimensional

In addition to peptides, protein-based ligands such as Affibody proteins have been utilized for tumor targeting. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Affibody protein (e.g., Ac-Cys-ZEGFR:1907, amino acid sequence: Ac-CVDNKFNKEMWAAWEEIRNLPNLNGWQMTAFIASLVDDPSQSANLLAEAKKLNDAQAPK-NH2) is used to target EGFR that is overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. Cheng and co-workers used anti-EGFR Affibody protein as tumor-targeting ligand on 64Cu–Au-IO nanoparticles (PET component: 64Cu, MRI

Introduction According to the statistical predictions and Mendelian law of segregation applied to X and Y chromosomes, the numbers of boys and girls born are supposed to be equal, so the sex ratio for humans is expected to be 50:50 (1). However, in the real world, the observed results do not follow this pattern; the actual values can be as high as 170 boys born to 100 girls (2). The major reason that supposedly causes such imbalance in human sex ratio at birth is that more male embryos tend to survive