Juglans nigra

“The Black Walnut Tree” “The Black Walnut Tree” by Mary Oliver begins with the line “My mother and I debate”. There are two characters introduced: the narrator and her mother. In a typical family, there is a mother, daughter, and father. The lack of a father in this introduction stands out. This is furthered by the line “two women trying / in a difficult time to be wise”. The author highlights the lack of the father once again by saying “two women”, in order to clearly demonstrate the lack of male

The Past is Rooted Change is inevitable; as the years go on, everything is always either improving or weakening, but still changing. Nothing can prevent change, but there are still those who ignore it and refuse it. Individuals refused to accept their past because they do not want to change, they want to focus on the present. In Mary Oliver’s free verse poem, The Black Walnut Tree, the daughter discusses the argument with her mother regarding the selling of their Black Walnut Tree, commenting on

dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra that project to the putamen (Dickson, 2012). It is most prevalent in over one percent of the elderly population and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (Benninger, 2013). However, Parkinson’s disease may also occur in younger adults and can affect both men and women (Medline). This disease affects the nerve cells in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Nerve cells in the substantia nigra produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter

symptoms or tremors, rigidity, (bradykinesia) or slowness of movement and posture instability. Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain. This disease primarily affects neurons in area of the brain called substantia nigra. Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease usually begin on one side of the body and within time spread to both

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a nervous system disorder that affects nearly five million people world wide. Most of the effects of PD are movement based. It is more prevalent in men and the chance of developing the disease increases with age. Fifteen percent of those with Parkinson’s have been identified as having a family history of the disease. Those who are 80 or older may be one-thousand times more likely to develop PD than those under 40 (Jankovic & Tolosa, 2015). The symptoms of PD were

PD pathology results from a degenerative process which reduces the function of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons below a certain threshold until it manifests as clinical symptoms17. It should be noted that degeneration of the SN is not the sole location of degeneration – regions such as the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, basal forebrain, and frontal cortex undergo a similar process17. The pathology is still not fully understood, but the degenerative process has been found to stem from the

With that said a new method, the TCS is more reliable in effectively diagnosing early symptoms of PD. It was concluded that with the use of the TCS “up to 90%” of patients have shown an enlarged echogenic size (hyperechogenicity) of the substantia nigra (SN). An enlarged echogenic of the SN leads to a diminishment of the nerves in the SN, that is seen in PD. The nerve cells in SN are responsible for control of movements and coordination by sending out signals to tissues on both sides of the brain

The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so does the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso

further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Parkinson's Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy," describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses