Maximal-ratio combining

The combining diversity techniques are used to increase the performance of wireless or wired communication system by collected all the uncorrelated faded signal from different diversity branches and combine them all in such a way that improve the communication system and in results gives the optimize received signal power and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Depending on the sophistication of the system, the signals can be added directly (equal gain combining) or weighted and added coherently (maximal-ratio

multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel modeling demands diversity technique to compensate the effects of fading and shadowing. In this paper, error performance of MIMO system is analyzed with orthogonal space time block code (OSTBC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) techniques over Weibull-gamma (WG) fading channel. WG distribution forms a composite channel model which is used to determine the effects of multipath as well as shadowing. Closed form expressions for symbol error rate (SER) are computed

MRC is as method of diversity combining. MRC multiplied the all branches signal. MRC amplified higher amplitude signal but shrink the low amplitude signals. It is also add the signal from each channel and gain of each channel is made directly proportional to the RMS signal value and inversely proportional to the mean square noise value in that channel. Each channel is different. It is known as RSC (ratio-squared-combining) and PC (prediction combining). MRC is also known as optimum combiner

SER Performance Improvement in OFDM System over Generalized K-Fading Channel Keerti Tiwari, Bindu Bharti and Davinder S. Saini Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan (H.P.)-173234, India krt.tiwari@gmail.com, bindu.bharti457@gmail.com, davinder.saini@juit.ac.in Abstract— In this paper, performance metric of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is analyzed over a composite fading channel i.e. generalized

they will outperform athletes who move slower. Gains that athletes see in speed are attributed to muscle power and strength. Currently, to enhance muscle power and dynamic performance, athletes commonly use (a) heavy resistance training (80-90% of maximal load) and (b) explosive-type training in a form of either explosive (ballistic) resistance

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Antenna Systems: Depending on the number of antennas used in the transmitting and receiving sections, the systems are divided into 4 types. 1.1.1 SINGLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT (SISO): Fig 1.1.1: SISO In SISO, there will be only single transmitter and a single receiver. This is the general system which we use. The simplest antenna technology is SISO. In some environments, this system is vulnerable to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM

related to antenna array, which is Array gain, the average increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiverthat arises from the coherent combining effect of multiple antennas at the receiveror transmitter or both.If the channel is known to the multiple antenna transmitter, The transmitter will weigh the transmission with weights, depending on the channelcoefficients, so that there is coherent combining at the single antenna receiver.The array gain in this case is called transmitter array

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW [1]S. M. Alamouti, describes a simple two-branch transmit diversity scheme. Using two transmit antenna and one receive antenna, the new transmit antenna provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit and two receive antennas. The scheme easily be generated to two transmit antenna and M receive antenna to provide a diversity order of 2M. This scheme does not require any bandwidth expansion any feedback from the receiver to the transmitter

and vascular network in a single examination. MRI of the pancreas should be performed with state of the art scanners using high field strength (1.5T or 3T) units [2-4] with phased array torso coils and parallel imaging to maximize signal to noise ratio and allow for improved spatial resolution and faster acquisition times. The use of high spatial resolution MR imaging at 3T, will provide the highest post-contrast imaging quality and temporal resolution of the pancreas, which is important when evaluating

Segmentation The important aim of image segmentation is the domain independent partitioning of an image into a set of disjoint regions that can be visually differentiated, homogeneous and meaningful with respect to some characteristics or computed property such as grey level, texture or colour to enable easy image analysis. Image segmentation is a useful tool in many realms including industry, health care, astronomy, and various other fields. Segmentation in concept is a very simple idea. Simply