Non-state actor

nuclear weapons programs, and different actors who seek to disrupt global security with nuclear materials will continue to challenge international export regime. Another emerging threat is the potential for nuclear terrorism. The September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States, heightened awareness of the threat posed by non-state actors to build a nuclear explosive or nuclear weapon. Illicit trafficking is a complex process which can include: many states, actors, companies, suppliers by which materials

Introduction Last February, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. Federal Trade Commission (Dental Examiners). The case concerned the Board’s decision to stop teeth whitening services by non-dentists in the state. The Federal Trade Commission alleged that the Board had violated antitrust laws by attempting to limit competition by its teeth whitening decision. State entities such as the Board generally were thought to have immunity from antitrust

Introduction International Organisations (IOs) have risen to prominence in recent years. Yet significant debate exists surrounding their status as actors within the international system. As a result, this essay asserts that IOs are powerful independent actors to a small, albeit still significant extent. Whilst IOs do hold some power; the state remains the most powerful actor in international society. To develop this assertion, this essay will establish the principles of realism and liberalism, as these theories

'iniquitous ' state of international politics. Until today, realism provides a veritable nature of politics involving conflict over cooperation. It consists of some assumptions. First, states inhabit an international system of anarchy (Viotti & Kauppi, 2011). Realism espouses the international system with no world or international government. Absence of an international government creates a void in the international arena. It results in an anarchical environment(Art & Jervis, 2012). Next, the state acts as

intrastate actors. Interstate wars have declined sharply in number since the end of World War II. The rise of nongovernmental and international organizations, the establishment of cooperation agreements and confidence-building measures, and the increasing presence of the news media, are all elements that have relegated traditional wars to a thing of the past. These non-state actors can be terrorist groups, guerrillas, organized crime networks or even a combination of state and non-state actors. The majority

The Actor-Network Theory, also known as ANT, explores the way sociotechnological elements are assembled as well as how large-scale social structures work through various networks of stabilized materials. It considers both human and non-human actors, networks, and actor-networks. An actor is considered anything with the ability to act. This includes human and non-human entities. The network is what ties together people and objects, making the groups interconnected. The Actor-Network Theory looks at

humanitarian action in non-recognized entities effectively controlling a territory. If the Humanitarian needs and the effects of wars on civilian population are rarely manageable for the de facto states without external assistance, Humanitarian action may be instrumentalized, hence creating additional challenges for humanitarian actors. The core idea of this paper is to highlight the interactions between the Humanitarian action and its possible instrumentalization in de facto states. Understanding past

something of a cliché to note that there are over 200 definitions of terrorism in existence within broader terrorism studies literature; that many terrorism scholars have given up on the definitional debate and use the term unreflectively; and that such a state of affairs hampers theoretical progress and skews terrorism research in unhelpful ways. However, the significance and consequences of the definitional debate go far beyond such narrow academic confines, important as they are to the field. Rather, the

are identified through their predisposed choice of tactics and are labelled as non-state actors (Ramsey, 2015, p.220). Additional literatures (Arena and Arrigo, 2006; Sutton and Vertigans, 2006 Welch, 2006;) highlight the characteristics of whom is deemed to be a terrorist and/or who are the terrorist groups by state definition. The consensus here implies that those who commit acts which are not legitimised by the state become defined as a terrorist organisation. Significantly, in most recent years

other actors rather than the state. The ICC process which confers the UNSC the powers to defer a case also offers a clear illustration in that the political processes can as well be given priority over judicial processes. The UNSC is conferred powers to defer a case in a situation where it feels that the prosecutors decision to initiate prosecutorial measures on a state was rushed and can lead to diplomatic rows. These powers of the UNSC have not come without some reservations from some states with