Solvent

Melting point apparatus • Thermometer • Funnel Introduction Solvent extraction is dependent on the two liquids having different polarities so that they do not mix with each other (Example Crude oil and water). When these two liquids are mixed together they form separate layers, these two liquids would therefore be described as immiscible. A lot of organic acids cannot be dissolved in water although can be dissolved when placed in organic solvents. However, their sodium salts are soluble when mixed with

a mixture we have solvent and solute. A solvent is the major part of solution which dissolves the solute, and solute is the part of solution that is being dissolved. Therefore the combination of solvent and solute is solution which is a type of homogenous mixture. For example, if water is the solvent and lemon juice and sugar are the solute, lemonade is the solution. Also, every solution has its own solubility which is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent under certain condition

TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs Introduction In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics: Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the spotting. Experiment Scheme Initially, sixteen capillary micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtained

HYDROTROPIC SOLUBILIZATION [23][24] [25][26] Use of Additives may increase or decrease the solubility of a solute in a given solvent. The effect of an additive depends very much on the influence: it has on the structure of water or its ability to compete with solvent of water molecules. A convenient quantitation result of the solute additive on the solubility of another solute may be obtained by Setschenowequation. Log S0/S = KCa where S = solubility in the presence of additive Ca =

Table 1 – Solubility of Solid Compounds Solvents Solid Organic Compounds Water (highly polar) 1ml Methyl Alcohol (intermediate polarity) 1ml Hexane (nonpolar) 1ml Benzophenone (.045g) Insoluble Soluble Soluble Malonic acid (.041g) Soluble Soluble Insoluble Biphenyl (.042g) Insoluble Partially Soluble Soluble The solubility of solid compounds was studied during part A of the experiment. The results are recorded in Table 1. One ml each of the solvents water, methyl alcohol, and hexane were added

principle behind this method is that a solute is transferred from one solvent into a second solvent that it is more soluble in. Therefore, the two solvents must be immiscible and form two distinct layers. Generally, one solvent is aqueous and the other is organic. Also, the extracting solvent should be somewhat easy to separate from the solute. The two layers can be physically separated in a separatory funnel, where the denser solvent is usually on the bottom. .

This product was then recrystallized to improve its purity. The recrystallization required a mixed solvent consisting of mostly ethanol and a small amount of water; no other suitable solvents are readily available to perform this recrystallization. One of the possible contaminants could be potassium bromide formed from the bromine and potassium ions left over in solution after the dehydrobromination reaction. If this contaminant was incorporated into the diphenylacetylene crude crystals and was not

antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaves from Elephantopus scaber by using different solvents (ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous). The ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were subjected to phytochemical analyses, which revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, quinones and glycosides in most of the selected of leaves useing different solvents. Ethyl alcohol ,acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were investigated for in vitro

using proper gently swirling technique. Acid-base extraction works on the principle that most organic compounds are more soluble in organic solvents than in water (4). Extractions are also dependent on the assumption that immiscible solvents of different densities will settle on top of one another accordingly. Diethyl ether was the chosen extraction solvent for this procedure because it is slightly soluble in water, and organic compounds are most often soluble in it, and also its low boiling point

The Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid through solubility and filtration. Summary: An ideal solvent of 95% Ethanol was determined from the given solvents of water, 95% ethanol and hexane. Once the ideal solvent was determined a recovery of 27% or 0.54 grams of Benzoic Acid from 2.0 grams of crude Benzoic Acid mix using the 95% ethanol. The product was a white crystalline solid that produced a melting point range of 116-120 C compared to the actual range of 121-123 C meaning that a small amount of