Thymus

Introduction Purpose of this practical is to compare tissues in healthy spleen and thymus with unhealthy spleen and thymus of a mouse. Lymphoid organs consist of primary (thymus, bone marrow) and secondary (spleen, tonsils, lymphoid nodule in the intestine, and appendix) organs. In contrast, the primary organs do not depend on antigens such as thymus, and the secondary organs like spleen depend on antigens. Spleen Spleen is a small organ located behind the stomach in the left upper part of the

important common neuromuscular disorders. Although it is categorized as a neuromuscular disease , there are few other factors other than acquired immunological abnormality , like genetic abnormality in neuromuscular junction , and some relations to thymus diseases and cancers. Myasthenia gravis presents clinically in a variety of ways, with varied symptoms that make it difficult to diagnose it in initial stages. As MG became the subject of interest to neurologists mostly in the past years , however

DiGeorge Syndrome 1 . What are the cellular/molecular mechanisms that underlie this disease? At a molecular level, it is a disease resulting from a sequence microdeletion on chromosome 22.1,4 Its current preferred name is 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.2 It is characterized as loss of about 30-40 genes, with some individuals having shorter deletions in the same region.1 One gene loss TBX1, attributes to heart defects, cleft palate, the distinctive facial feature of the disease, hearing loss and low

 "Immune System" Homework                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The Thymus         At this very moment, an army is attacking you. You are fighting this war without lifting a finger. You are asleep. Eating. Talking. Breathing. Anything you do, you are fighting an army. It's called Influenza. Or pneumonia. Maybe it's bronchitis

investigated and the development of T cells and B cells will be compared and contrasted. T and B cells both begin development in the bone marrow as haematopoietic stem cells(Liu et al., 2013). The cells that will become T cells then migrate to the thymus where they mature and the B cells stay in the bone marrow to mature. The function of each cell type is similar in that they both need to protect the body against pathogens; however the mechanisms that they do this differ. T cells bind to antigens

Rosenthal, 2014). Additionally, research has demonstrated that during wound healing, changes occur in the thymus (the organ in which T-cell maturation occurs) revealing increases in thymus size, changes in morphology, and proliferation of a variety of immune cells within the medulla (Franchini & Bertolotti 2014). Research Goals We propose to study the relationship between the thymus, T-cells, and wound healing by performing larval thymectomy to generate T-cell-deficient tadpoles and frogs.

maturation and development of thymocytes in thymus. They are known to express cytokines, chemokines and other proteins suggesting that they interact with antigen presenting cells and are actively involved in the development of T cells. Many diseases related to auto-immunity were found to vary from the normal condition, in the context of morphology of these structures, making it important to understand the nature and role of these bodies in the human thymus. The review highlights some of the current

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ADA is a part of the purine salvage pathway which functions to rid the cells of deoxyadenosine. Adenosine deaminase is considered a critical enzyme that consists of a 12 exon, 32 kb gene located on chromosome 20q13-q13.1, is a 42 kDa protein with 363 amino acid. Adenosine deaminase produces the irreversible deamination of adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo). The enzyme Ado is further converted to inosine and and the enzyme dAdo is converted to non-toxic molecule 2’-deoxyinosine

DNA ladder assays were used to evaluate the DNA fragmentation triggered through apoptosis when thymocytes were exposed to various concentration of diethylstilbestrol (DES). There are numerous methods for the quantification of DNA fragmentation but for this study, a lysis and DMSO protocol were used for the detection of apoptosis. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was analyzed using 2% agarose gels to reveal a ladder-like pattern within each sample. The present study demonstrates a comparison between two

Cancer Kryptonite: Using Deadly Disease to Cure Deadly Disease After reviewing the study of the effects of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR T-cells) on acute lymphocytic leukemia, it appears that this type of treatment shows promise for the treatment of this and many other difficult-to-kill cancers. This technique was pioneered and developed by Dr. Carl June. He began his research on T cells in the late 1980s to early 1990s while in the Navy. The research he would do and the other