Toluene

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Discussion The purpose of this experiment is to identify two compounds from an unknown given liquid by separating them into three components using fractional distillation. Distillation is the act of heating and cooling liquids in order to obtain a pure sample. There are two main types of distillation: simple distillation and fractional distillation. Simple distillation is the most basic form of a distillation. This method is more helpful when the separation between a liquid and a solid needs to happen

Distillation Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to perform a simple distillation as well as a fractional distillation and to determine the composition of an unknown solution using fractional distillation. Procedure: First, the simple distillation apparatus was set up. An oil bath was placed on a hot plate. A 100mL round-bottomed flask was submerged in the oil and held using a clamp and ring stand. The round-bottomed flask was then connected to the distillation head ensuring that

reflux ratio, higher is the purity of the distillate and bottom stream [4], [19]. Depending on the bubble point of the vapor at the top of the column and the economics of the process, the distillation column may be equipped with a total condenser or a partial condenser [20]–[22]. A total condenser condenses the entire vapor at the top of the column into liquid which is then split into distillate stream and reflux stream. If a column has a total condenser then there would be no ‘vapor distillate’

carbon-to-carbon bond validating the photochromic properties. The colour change further substantiates that the desired product was produced despite the inaccuracies in melting point values. Homolytic cleavage of the dimer prepared by solvation with toluene results in a deep purple solution confirming the formation of the resonance stabilized radical. After placing in darkness the colorless solution resulted by reformation of the radical intermediates to a new thermodynamic product via C-N bond at

mL Erlenmeyer flask with a boiling stick. Toluene (20 mL) was brought to a boil on a hot plate. The boiling toluene (10 mL) was then added to the aspirin until the solid dissolved completely. After allowing the solution to reach room temperature, the solution was placed in an ice bath for 16 minutes. After the crystals had formed, they were collected by vacuum filtration and weighed. A small amount of the crystals were no weighed due to a lack of toluene with which to rinse the 50 mL Erlenmeyer

The purpose of the Freezing Point Lab was to measure freezing points for various solute-solvent solutions in order to understand the effects of colligative properties. This process was done by comparing the freezing point of various solutions. The measured freezing point temperature for pure p-xylene was gathered in order to have a reference in terms of freezing point for future solutions. This value was then used in order to calculate K_f for p-xylene, also known as the freezing point depression

Starting from Naphthalene, the following synthetic strategy, Figure-5, was created using techniques discovered by the national chemical laboratory. Step one is the addition of an alcohol group to Naphthalene using Toluene and 4-monooxygenase (Copley, S. D). Once 1-naphthanol is the starting material used by the nation chemical laboratory to synthesis propranolol. The following synthetic strategy is used to create propranolol from 1-naphthol: “(a) 3-bromopropanol

2.2 Experimental Method Numerical experimental facilities can be used to investigate the oxidation of hydrocarbon, including the JP-8 surrogates. While different facilities have their own advantages on different research with wide ranges of temperature, pressure and residence time, every single research on various facilities is necessary to depict the whole hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism of JP-8 surrogates. In this chapter, a brief review of each of these facilities is described below 2.2.1 Pressure

Crude oil is a critical piece of our energy infrastructure. In recent years, there has been increasing demand on crude oil and a large growth in unconventional oil sources to serve our energy requirements such as the bitumen oil sands deposits in Northern Alberta, Canada. Unlike traditional oil extraction, in the oil sands hot water or steam [1] is required to remove oil from the high viscous bitumen deposits. This extraction process consumes a large volume of water with major oil producers consuming