Lab 14 -omo Sapiens and their contemporaries

o Neanderthal DNA makes up 1-4% of modern, nonAfrican, Homo sapiens DNA o We can tell that Neanderthals had traits that didn’t pop up in humans until relatively recently, like: = blue eyes: 6-10 kya (8% world pop.) * red hair: 20,000-100,000 ya (1-2% of world pop.) * blonde hair: 11,000 ya (2% of world pop.) = Also, more recent evidence for implications in traits that we can’t see Tool technology o Mousterian tool technology (300- 30 kya) = Levallois — a tool flaking technique; preparation of a stone core and removal of flakes from the surface to shape = more complex than other tool industries; more control over how the tool looked o Good hunters- tools found with animal bones Culture o Evidence of intentional burials? (Shanidar Cave) = Shanidar Man (Shanidar, Iraq): 40-50 yrs, lots of trauma that he survived which shows he was taken care of o Art: cave paintings around 41,000 ya attributed to Neanderthals- new ones found in Spain date to 65,000 ya o Probably spoke — hyoid bones are identical to our own The hyoid bone and language o hyoid: U-shaped bone located in the throat o muscles of the throat attach to the hyoid