Om Gohil 20542740 Critical Reivew 40%

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Western Sydney University *

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300978

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Astronomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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Table of Contents Sars-CoV-2 ............................................................................................................. 2 RTC ........................................................................................................................ 3 NSPs and their proposed functions ................................................................... 4 NSP13 .................................................................................................................... 4 Inhibitors ............................................................................................................... 5 Remdesivir ......................................................................................................... 5 Disulfiram ........................................................................................................... 5 Ciclesonide ......................................................................................................... 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 6 References… .......................................................................................................... 7 Om Gohil – 20542740 1

Critical Review of the Extreme Universe The Big Bang The universe is an ever-so infinite realm of unexplored stigmas, filled with stars, space and energy. Through rigorous observational, computational and experimental research, the research field of astrophysics became discovered, attempting to make the world beyond the human eyes slightly less daunting. By applying the laws of physics and chemistry to understand the universe, the concept of how planetary systems form and how environments hospitable for life become slightly more feasible. But to comprehend the vast range of all thing’s astronomy, first begs the question, how did everything come to be? This is where the Big Bang comes in. Everything that has ever existed now and before, started with an atomically small and condensed point of singularity, both infinitely hot and dense. That same single point “supposedly” caused an explosive expansion that transitioned into a cosmic inflation and stretched faster than the speed of light for merely a few fractions of a second. Following the rapid expansion of the universe, came the more materialistic things in fruition; atoms, particles, galaxies. ( Howell and May ). Logistically thinking, there would be no visual image of the universe existing, only the knowing that it did. This is because even after the first second of the universe “beginning” where everything was still 5+ billion degrees Celsius, nothing could’ve held light. After a short 400,000 years, when neutral atoms or atoms with positive or negative charge were created due to free electrons meeting with nuclei, did light persist. Due to the nature of how spontaneous the universe is, there are not only habitable planets beyond earth, but also more unhabitable planets, both of which are actively adversely affected due to supernovae. There is a plethora of factors that contribute to the determination of whether a planet is habitable or not, from its composition, its distance from nearby stars and the obvious “follow the water”. However, a lesser-known factor is the zone of radiation it resides in, more specifically due to supernovae and their high-energy radiation, as well as gamma ray bursts.

Figure 1: A glimpse from the Big Bang and the Early Universe. Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) In the last several billion years, it is more than likely that gamma ray bursts have had a tremendous impact on Earth, more specifically the ozone layer. The ozone layer is comprised of ozone (O 3 ), found in the stratosphere and plays the deeply imperative role of protecting life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet-B radiation emitted from the sun ( Cambridge Core ). Life couldn’t continue to exist without it, where too much of it could lead to cataracts, skin cancer, and the general harm to flora and fauna. Gamma ray bursts are extremely powerful in that even from a burst that is multiple kiloparsecs (3,260 light years) away, has the potential to deteriorate a large portion of the ozone layer. The weaker the protective zone, the more inbounding solar radiation that reaches Earth. Global cooling would be a by- product of the ozone layer being penetrated when the buildup of NO 2 persists over a period of time, leading to nitric acid rain. Life Threatening Obscurities There are Sub-Sub-Heading (information) Sub-Sub-Heading (information) Sub-Sub-Heading (information) Conclusion

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