2020 Unit 5 Heredity AP Bio Exam Review -
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Unit
5
Heredity
AP
Biology
Exam
Review
Meiosis
1) Label the parts of the chromosome to the right.
1)Chromosome 2) legs
3)Centromere
4)
2) Where does meiosis take place? What does the process of meiosis create?
division of the nucleus and creates 2 haploid cells
3) What are the names of the steps of meiosis?
Synapsis, Crossing over, Independent assortment, disjunction
Reduction division 2n----n
Meiosis 2- same as mitosis. separate sister chromatids
Mitosis vs Meiosis
4) Fill in the table below comparing mitosis and meiosis:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Produces what types of cells?
Somatic cells
How many cells made at the end of the
process?
2
4
Are the ending cells haploid or diploid?
diploid
haploid
Number of chromosomes at the end
(human)?
46
23
Meiosis, Genetic Diversity, and Fertilization
5) What is crossing over? When does it occur? Why is it important for genetic variation?
the exchange of genetic information in locations. it creates new genetic combinations.
we do not lose genetic information. it happens during prophase.
6) What is fertilization? How does this lead to genetic variation?
it is when the egg and sperm combine and the therefore the information is exchanged.
Mendelian Genetics and Laws
7) Describe Mendel’s law of segregation.
a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele to its offspring.
8) Describe Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
there is random chance.
Mendelian Genetics and Punnett Squares
9) What is the purpose of a Punnett Square?
it is to show the process that alleles are inherited
10) Compare dominant to recessive alleles.
Dominant requires only one allele to be expressed while recessive requires both.
11) Compare homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.
homozygous dominant is both dominant, heterozygous is one of both, and homozygous recessive is both recessive.
12) A cat carries heterozygous, long-haired traits, and its mate carries homozygous short-haired traits. Use a Punnett square to
determine the probability of one of their offspring having long hair. Include the genotype and phenotype percentages.
50 homozygous recessive and 50% heterozygous.
13) One flower is heterozygous red and it is crossed with a homozygous white plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the
probability of one of their offspring having a red color.
14) A large ear of corn has a total of 433 grains, including 272 Purple & starchy, 72 Purple & sweet, 64 Yellow & starchy, and 25 Yellow
& sweet.
Your Tentative Hypothesis:
This ear of corn was produced by a dihybrid cross (PpSs x PpSs) involving two pairs of heterozygous genes
resulting in a theoretical (expected) ratio of 9:3:3:1.
Objective:
Test your hypothesis using chi square
and probability
values. Reject or Accept?
433/16 = 27
3.46
9 x 27 = 243
1
3 x 27 = 81
3.568
3 x 27 = 81
0.15
1 x 27 = 27
8.178
With 3 degrees of freedom I get a critical value of 8.16, which is greater than the critical value of 7.82. therefore I reject the null
hypothesis.
Chi Square: 1,
3.461
Laws of Probability: Product Rule and Summation Rule
15) When is the product rule used?
To determine the probability of both occurring
16) When is the summation rule used?
to determine the probability of outcomes that result from
different processes
17) Use the sum rule to predict the fraction of offspring from
an
Aa
x
Aa
cross that will have the dominant phenotype (
AA
or
Aa
genotype). Hint: In any one fertilization event, only one of these
three possibilities can occur (they are mutually exclusive). Figure out how many outcomes could produce an offspring with a
dominant allele.
3/4
18) Application to dihybrid crosses. Imagine that we breed two dogs with the genotype
BbCc
, where dominant allele
B
specifies black
coat color (versus
b
, yellow coat color) and dominant allele
C
specifies straight fur (versus
c
, curly fur). Assuming that the two genes
assort independently and are not sex-linked, predict the number of
BbCc
puppies among the offspring. Hint: Figure out the
probability of getting Bb and then figure out the probability of getting Cc and then multiple the two together to see the chances of
happening at the same time.
1/8
Non-Mendelian Genetics: Codominance, Incomplete Dominance, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic Traits
19) Describe the processes below that fall into the category of Non-Mendelian Genetics.
Process
Description
Example
Codominance
both are expressed
Blood type AB
Incomplete Dominance
It is in between.
grey fur
Multiple Alleles
more then 2 alleles
eye color
Polygenic Traits
more then one gene in control
Color blindness and hemophilia
Sex-Linked Traits and Punnett Squares
20) Two normal vision parents have a color-blind son. What were the chances of this
happening? What were the genotypes of the parents?
21) In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a female who is a carrier for
hemophilia mates with a male with normal blood clotting, predict the genotypes and
phenotypes of their offspring.
XHXH, Xhy XHXH Xh y
Blood Typing
22) Fill in the table below with the missing information. ratio is 1:2;1
ii,
all
AB
A, O
B, IBIB or IBI
23) Determine all the possible blood types for
the offspring produced by a type “AB” mother and a Type “AB” father.
A, B, AB
Linked Genes
24) What is a linked gene? How does this violate Mendel’s basic principle of genetics?
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What allows sister chromatids to finally separate, and in
which phase of meiosis does this occur?
a) release of cohesin along sister chromatid arms in anaphase I
b) crossing over of chromatids in prophase I
c) release of ohesin at centromeres in anaphase I
d) release of cohesin at centromeres in anaphase II
e) crossing over of homologs in prophase I
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Picture
Picture 2
Picture 3
Picture 6
Picture 4
Picture 5
Meiosis stage descriptions
7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell
8 one of each homologous par reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form
9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disıntegrate
10 sister chromatids spit apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of two cels
11 DNA replication has occured. DNA decondensed in one cel
12 four celis with haif of the genetic material of a body cell result all are different from each other
Match the picture or the image with the name of the stage it represents. Use each stage just once for either an image or description
E Picture 1
A Earty Interphase
Picture 2
B. Late interphase
E Picture 3
C Prophase i
- Picture 4
D. Metaphase
E Anaphase
- Picture 5
-v Picture 6
F Telophase
- Description 7
v Description 8
- Description 9
G. Interkinesis…
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Lab 11- Mitosis & Meiosis
If provided microscope images of plant cells, can you determine if they are in Interphase and/or
identify the particular Mitosis stage (Pro, Prometa, Meta, Ana, Telo)?
If provided meiosis beads (like what we used in lab), can you look at how they are arranged and
determine what meiosis stage is being represented (the stage name and if it's from Meiosis-l or
Meiosis-II)?
arrow_forward
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3
Picture 4
Picture 5
Picture 6
Meiosis stage descriptions
7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell
8. one of each homologous pair reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form
9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disintegrate
10. sister chromatids split apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of twn cells
arrow_forward
Meiosis stage descriptions
7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell
8. one of each homologous pair reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form
9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disintegrate
10. sister chromatids split apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of two cells
11. DNA replication has occured, DNA decondensed in one cell
12. four cells with half of the genetic material of a body cell result, all are different from each other
Match the picture or the image with the name of the stage it represents. Use each stage just once for either an image or description.
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Write True or False
1. In prophase of mitosis the chromosomes condense in y sharp structure that can be easily seen under microscope
2. In interphase stage of mitosis a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei
3. In interphase l of meiosis, the paired chromosomes line up
4. In prophase ll of meiosis, it is visibly obvious that replication has not occurred
5. In telophase l of meiosis, the cell pinches and divides
6. Homologous chromosomes contain the unmatched alleles donated from mother and father
7. In anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the chromatid opposite pole
8.At the end of the prophase in mitosis, the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes. 9.During interphase in mitosis, microtubules extend from centrosomes.
10.If not corrected in time, mistakes made during mitosis can result changes in DNA but will not lead to…
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Task: Order the events leading up to and during meiosis
: Sister chromatids are separated
| Chromosomes are replicated
| Crossing over occurs
3
: Homologous pairs separate
4
| Production of four haploid daughter cells
5
| Sister chromatids line up along the middle
7
Homologous pairs are lined up along the middle
8
| First division and cytokinesis completed
:::
2.
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Genetic problems:
Use the diagram below to figure out how each monosomy or trisomy can
a) Normal X chromosome
segregation
b) Nondisjunction in
meiosis I
c) Nondisjunction in
meiosis II
Diploid cell at start of
meiosis
First meiotic division
Nondisjunction
Second meiotic
division
Nondisjunction
00 00
develop.
Benjamim
XCuinmi
х Х х х
Xх хх о о
XX O
2. A color-blind man married a normal woman. Their daughter, who was phenotypically normal, married
a normal man and the couple produced three children, a normal boy, a color-blind boy, and a color-blind
girl. Further examination indicates that this girl has two X chromosomes. Explain the origin of the color-
blind girl.
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1- what does the cell of cells look like right before the mistake this in meiosis I and meiosis II
2- what does the cell or cells look like during or after the mistake in meiosis I and meiosis II
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Activity 8: Sequencing Meiotic StagesLabel the stage of meiosis in each box below each diagram. Then, cut out each figure and arrange the cells so they reflect the proper order of stages of meiosis -starting with a cell in interphase and ending with the completion of meiosis. Write the letter sequence of the cells in your Lab, Activity #8.AMeiosis in animal cell
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Picture name - Tradescantia spathacea meiotic cell. HPO (400x)Shown below are photomicrographs of Rhoeo tradescantia cells undergoing meiosis. Answer the following question for each of the photomicrographs:
Identify the cytogenetic abnormality observed (ex. ring, chain, laggard, bridge).
Identify the meiotic stage in which these aberrations are observed (as shown in the photomicrograph).
Explain how these aberrations are formed and relate to the possible causal mutation(s).
Will this result to sterile and/or fertile gametes? Explain.
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9) A diploid cell is preparing to undergo meiosis. Before the 'S' phase, the cell has 6 picograms (pg) of DNA in it. Answer the following:
a) After the 'S' phase of the cell cycle what ploidy is the cell? How many picograms of DNA does it contain?
b) After meiosis I, how many daughter cells are there total? What is the ploidy of each cell? How many picograms of DNA does each cell contain?
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View the meiosis 1 and 2 animation
7. At the end of meiosis 2, each cell contains how many chromosomes?
Part 4: A Review of Meiosis
8. Name 2 errors that can occur during meiosis.
Phase Diagrams
Label these phases
xXx
-XX
XX
XX
151118
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Question:
Hand draw meiosis (I and II). Start with 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Chromosomes in each pair should look the same BUT should be distinctly different from the other pair of chromosomes.
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MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
1. Haploid cells are produced
2. Crossing over takes place
3. One division
4. Diploid cells
5. Formation of tetrads
6. Somatic cells
7. For sexual reproduction
8.2 daughter cells
9. Two divisions
10.Separation of
homologous chromosomes
11.Daughter cels with
chromosomes identical to
parent cell
12. For repair of damaged
tissue
13 Cross-linkage of genes
14 Sex cells
15 Daughter cells not
identica to the parent cell
O 0 O 0
O OO0
O o o O 0 0 o 0 O O
O O O
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After meiosis 1, are the resulting cells haploid or diploid? How can you tell?
Group of answer choices
1. haploid; there are no sister chromatids
2. diploid; there are homologous pairs
3. haploid; there are no homologous pairs
4. diploid; there are sister chromatids
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Comic San..
BIUA
===|三
Normal text
12
II1 3
CP Unit 6 Review: Meiosis
Page
1. What type of cell undergoes meiosis?
Gamete cells
Somațic cells
or
2. What are homologous chromosomes?
3. For each of the following state if the cell is haploid or diploid.
Sperm cell =
Liver cell =
Egg cell =
Stomach cell =
4. If the diploid number in a liver cell is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg
of this organism?
5. During meiosis, the chromosome number:
a) is doubled
becomes diploid
b) is reduced
c) remains the same
d)
6. Cells starting mitosis & meiosis begin with a (haploid or diploid) set of chromosomes.
7. How many times do cells divide during meiosis?
8. What are the stages of meiosis called?
Meiosis I:
II
lılı
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12:31 M M Ge meiosis I and meiosis II different?
←
4. Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?
5. What combination of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd chromosomes?
6. How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in each?
7. Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.
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Mitosis
Meiosis
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Steps of each
phase
Number of cell
divisions
Number of cells
produced
*How many
chromosomes per
46
daughter cell?
* Mitosis starts with 46 chromosomes in each parent cell, and then ends with 46 chromosomes in each daughter cell. Cells divide onl
once in Mitosis, but they divide twice during Meiosis, so we should end with half as many chromosomes in Meiosis vs Mitosis.
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Match the phases of meiosis with the correct description
Metaphase I
[ Choose ]
[Choose ]
Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell.
Cytokinesis produces four unique daughter cells, spindle dissolve, and the nuclear envelope reappears.
Spindle fibers pull homologous pairs of chromosomes apart.
Nuclear envelopes of daughter cells dissolve, and chromosomes condense.
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart.
Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the center of the cell in tetrads.
Cytokinesis produces two daughter cells, spindle dissolves, and nuclear envelope reappears.
Nuclear envelope dissolves, DNA condenses and crossing over occurs.
Anaphase II
Prophase I
Telophase I
[Choose ]
Prophase II
[ Choose ]
Telophase II
[ Choose ]
Anaphase I
[ Choose ]
Metaphase II
[ Choose ]
>
>
>
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a. What phase of Meiosis II is the cell in? How do you know?
b. Assuming all of the chromosomes present during Meiosis II are shown in the figure above, how many chromosomes (counting homologous pairs as two chromosomes) does a gamete from this organism have?
c. Draw the same cell during the same phase of Meiosis I. Label the elements.
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Itosis
48) Which best describes the process of independent assortment?
A) The way one pair of homologous chromosomes lines up along the metaphase
plate does not affect how any other pair lines up
B) Segregation of chromosomes during meiosis I is independent of their segregation
during meiosis II
C) During crossing over, chromosomes pair up at random
D) Crossing over along one pair of chromosomes is independent of crossing over
along the other pairs
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Meiosis is defined as a ____.
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
a) type of cell division that is seen in all types of cells
b) type of cell division that divides a somatic cell and produces 4 gamete cells
c) type of cell division that divides a somatic cell and produces 2 gamete cells
d) type of cell division that divides a gamete cell into 2 somatic cells
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1. 10 Meiosis Reading and Voc X
James Green- Recovery Opportu X
d/e/1FAlpQLSe2TqFrpPuk-re3-isqbyWK6SUIH3pkHhJdbT0tlqogh58bww/viewform?hr_submission=Chkis-WD4ZSE
What is the process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid 3p
cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent
and n chromosomes from the male parent?
Topography
O Fertilization
Genomics
Crossing over
2 points
nit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed
II
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- mat Arrange Tools Slide Show Window Help A 12% D Sat 2:02 PM 2 Chapter 13 clicker questions imations Slide Show Review View Shape Format O Tell me e Share V Play Narrations Always Use Subtitles V Use Timings Rehearse Record Timings Slide Show V Show Media Controls A Subtitle Settings v What allows sister chromatids to finally separate, and in which phase of meiosis does this occur? a) release of cohesin along sister chromatid arms in anaphase I b) crossing over of chromatids in prophase I c) release of ohesin at centromeres in anaphase I d) release of cohesin at centromeres in anaphase II e) crossing over of homologs in prophase I O 2017 Pearson Education, Inc 103% :: E Notes Comments étv MacBook Pro 80 888 * ( & $ 8 9 6 7arrow_forward11:19 Input page title Re-edit Image Тext Picture Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 6 Picture 4 Picture 5 Meiosis stage descriptions 7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell 8 one of each homologous par reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form 9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disıntegrate 10 sister chromatids spit apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of two cels 11 DNA replication has occured. DNA decondensed in one cel 12 four celis with haif of the genetic material of a body cell result all are different from each other Match the picture or the image with the name of the stage it represents. Use each stage just once for either an image or description E Picture 1 A Earty Interphase Picture 2 B. Late interphase E Picture 3 C Prophase i - Picture 4 D. Metaphase E Anaphase - Picture 5 -v Picture 6 F Telophase - Description 7 v Description 8 - Description 9 G. Interkinesis…arrow_forwardLab 11- Mitosis & Meiosis If provided microscope images of plant cells, can you determine if they are in Interphase and/or identify the particular Mitosis stage (Pro, Prometa, Meta, Ana, Telo)? If provided meiosis beads (like what we used in lab), can you look at how they are arranged and determine what meiosis stage is being represented (the stage name and if it's from Meiosis-l or Meiosis-II)?arrow_forward
- Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4 Picture 5 Picture 6 Meiosis stage descriptions 7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell 8. one of each homologous pair reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form 9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disintegrate 10. sister chromatids split apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of twn cellsarrow_forwardMeiosis stage descriptions 7. homologous pairs line up as tetrads along the middle of the cell 8. one of each homologous pair reaches the ends of the cell, the cell begins pinching in, and two new nuclear membranes form 9. DNA condenses in two haploid cells, the nuclear membranes disintegrate 10. sister chromatids split apart and daughter chromosomes move towards the ends of two cells 11. DNA replication has occured, DNA decondensed in one cell 12. four cells with half of the genetic material of a body cell result, all are different from each other Match the picture or the image with the name of the stage it represents. Use each stage just once for either an image or description.arrow_forwardWrite True or False 1. In prophase of mitosis the chromosomes condense in y sharp structure that can be easily seen under microscope 2. In interphase stage of mitosis a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei 3. In interphase l of meiosis, the paired chromosomes line up 4. In prophase ll of meiosis, it is visibly obvious that replication has not occurred 5. In telophase l of meiosis, the cell pinches and divides 6. Homologous chromosomes contain the unmatched alleles donated from mother and father 7. In anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the chromatid opposite pole 8.At the end of the prophase in mitosis, the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes. 9.During interphase in mitosis, microtubules extend from centrosomes. 10.If not corrected in time, mistakes made during mitosis can result changes in DNA but will not lead to…arrow_forward
- Task: Order the events leading up to and during meiosis : Sister chromatids are separated | Chromosomes are replicated | Crossing over occurs 3 : Homologous pairs separate 4 | Production of four haploid daughter cells 5 | Sister chromatids line up along the middle 7 Homologous pairs are lined up along the middle 8 | First division and cytokinesis completed ::: 2.arrow_forwardGenetic problems: Use the diagram below to figure out how each monosomy or trisomy can a) Normal X chromosome segregation b) Nondisjunction in meiosis I c) Nondisjunction in meiosis II Diploid cell at start of meiosis First meiotic division Nondisjunction Second meiotic division Nondisjunction 00 00 develop. Benjamim XCuinmi х Х х х Xх хх о о XX O 2. A color-blind man married a normal woman. Their daughter, who was phenotypically normal, married a normal man and the couple produced three children, a normal boy, a color-blind boy, and a color-blind girl. Further examination indicates that this girl has two X chromosomes. Explain the origin of the color- blind girl.arrow_forward1- what does the cell of cells look like right before the mistake this in meiosis I and meiosis II 2- what does the cell or cells look like during or after the mistake in meiosis I and meiosis IIarrow_forward
- Activity 8: Sequencing Meiotic StagesLabel the stage of meiosis in each box below each diagram. Then, cut out each figure and arrange the cells so they reflect the proper order of stages of meiosis -starting with a cell in interphase and ending with the completion of meiosis. Write the letter sequence of the cells in your Lab, Activity #8.AMeiosis in animal cellarrow_forwardPicture name - Tradescantia spathacea meiotic cell. HPO (400x)Shown below are photomicrographs of Rhoeo tradescantia cells undergoing meiosis. Answer the following question for each of the photomicrographs: Identify the cytogenetic abnormality observed (ex. ring, chain, laggard, bridge). Identify the meiotic stage in which these aberrations are observed (as shown in the photomicrograph). Explain how these aberrations are formed and relate to the possible causal mutation(s). Will this result to sterile and/or fertile gametes? Explain.arrow_forward9) A diploid cell is preparing to undergo meiosis. Before the 'S' phase, the cell has 6 picograms (pg) of DNA in it. Answer the following: a) After the 'S' phase of the cell cycle what ploidy is the cell? How many picograms of DNA does it contain? b) After meiosis I, how many daughter cells are there total? What is the ploidy of each cell? How many picograms of DNA does each cell contain?arrow_forward
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