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Unit 3 Learning Objectives – Chapter 20 Physiology Lecture Exam (Vessels and Circulation)
NOTE: The major blood vessels you need to be able to identify and blood drop traces are covered in a separate document. This document only contains the objectives for the Chapter 20 Physiology Lecture Exam (Exam 1 for Unit 3). As with other units, there are several animations inside APR that cover blood vessel and blood pressure physiology. Click the “my Animation” tab when self
-
studying blood vessels inside APR. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1a –
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VESSELS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 1.
Define artery, capillary, and vein. 2.
Describe the three tunics in the walls of most blood vessels, including their tissue compositions, and recognize them on diagrams. 3.
Explain the function of the tunica media. 4.
Define vasa vasorum and explain where they are found. 5.
List key differences between the tunics of the three main types of blood vessels. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1b –
ARTERIES Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 6.
Distinguish between the three types of arteries by describing their structures and explaining their differences. 7.
Describe atherosclerosis and aneurysms, including how they can be life-threatening. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1c –
CAPILLARIES Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 8.
Describe the general structure and function of capillaries, and recognize the components of a capillary bed on diagrams. Narrower lumen than companion vein
Thicker tunica media
Walls remain open when drained of blood
Artery: carries blood away from the heart
Vein: carries blood toward the heart
Capillaries: where gas exchange occurs
Tunica intima: inner layer, composed of simple squamous epithelium
Tunica media: middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells supported by elastic fiber
Tunica externa: outer layer, composed of areolar CT
Contraction of smooth muscle results in vasoconstruction, relaxation results in vasodilation
Network of small arteries that give blood to large vessels
Found in large veins & arteries, extends into tunica externa
Elastic: largest, 1-2.5 cm diameter, contain abundant elastic fibers allowing artery to stretch
Muscular: 0.3-1 cm diameter mid-sized, distribute blood to specific body regions & organs
Arterioles: 1Omicrometers-0.3mm link to capillaries for gas exchange
Smallest blood vessels, connects arterioles to venules, composed of simple squamous epithelium
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Common carotid
Subclavian
Common iliac
Brachial
Anterior tibial
Coronary
Inferior mesinteric
Atherosclerosis: Hardening of arteries cuts the flow of blood to areas served by the artery
Aneurysm: part of artery wall balloons outward can allow blood to leak out
BIO 202 - Unit 3 –
Chapter 20 (Vessels and Circulation) Exam Learning Objectives Page 2 9.
Distinguish between the structures, locations, and functions of continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries. 10.
Describe the pathway of blood through a capillary bed, and explain the function of precapillary sphincters. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1d –
VEINS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 11.
Describe the general structure and function of veins, including special features that limit blood backflow. 12.
Explain how the veins serve as a blood reservoir for the cardiovascular system. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1e –
PATHWAYS OF BLOOD VESSELS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 13.
Compare and contrast the simple and alternative pathways of blood vessels. 14.
Explain why alternative blood flow pathways are needed in some parts of the body. VIDEO LECTURE 20.2 –
TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AND BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 15.
Define blood flow velocity, and state which vessels have the fastest and slowest velocities. 16.
Explain why the blood flow velocity in capillaries is important for their function. VIDEO LECTURE 20.3 –
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 17.
Describe the processes for moving substances between the blood and tissues. 18.
Describe filtration and reabsorption; explain how these processes cause movement of substances between the blood and tissues. 19.
Explain why blood pressure is important for exchange of substances between the blood and tissues. 20.
Describe how osmotic pressure functions in exchange of substances between the blood and tissues. Continuous: lining of endothelial cells complete, most capillaries
Fenestrated: same as continuous except with small holes
Small intestines
Ciliary process
Choroid plexus
Most endocrine glands
Kidneys
Sinusoid: discontinuous basement membrane, incomplete lining
Red bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
Some endocrine glands
Merge & drain into larger vessels with increase in vessel diameter as they extend from the capillaries to the heart
Valves prevent back flow of blood
About 70% of blood is in systemic circulation, about 55% of that is in the veins
Wider lumen than companion artery, thicker tunica external, walls collapse when blood is drained
Precapillary sphincters relax to allow blood to flow into the true capillaries of the capillary bed
Simple pathway: 1 major artery delivers blood to an organ or body region then branches into smaller arteries
1 artery. 1 capillary bed, 1 vein
Anastomosis: Joins blood vessels together
Portal system: blood flows through 2 capillary beds, both separated by a portal vein
Valves are similar in structure to SLV
Filtration is a process that occurs on the arterial end of a capillary
Reabsorption is the movement of fluid by the bulk flow that is in the opposite direction of filtration
Exchange substances between blood & tissues, includes diffusion, vesicular transports & bulk flow
Opposes hydrostatic pressure & thus promotes reabsorption
How fast blood moves through the vessel
Fastest in vessels with lower total cross-sectional areas & slowest in vessels with highest total area
Fastest in elastic arteries
Slowest in capillaries
Must flow slowly to allow exchanges between blood & tissues
Filtration occurs on arterial end of capillary, movement of fluid by bulk flow out of blood through capillaries
BIO 202 - Unit 3 –
Chapter 20 (Vessels and Circulation) Exam Learning Objectives Page 3 21.
Define net filtration pressure, and explain how this differs at the arteriolar and venular ends of a capillary. 22.
State how fluid levels in a capillary differ at the arteriolar end versus the venular end of a capillary, and explain why based on net filtration pressures. 23.
State the role of the lymphatic system in assisting with fluid regulation in tissues. VIDEO LECTURE 20.4 –
LOCAL BLOOD FLOW Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 1 24.
Relate the degree of vascularization of a tissue to perfusion and metabolic needs. 25.
Define angiogenesis and regression; explain how angiogenesis aids perfusion of a tissue. 26.
Describe the myogenic response and how this controls blood flow to a local tissue. 27.
Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. 28.
Explain how vasodilator and vasoconstrictor chemicals help control local blood flow to a tissue. 29.
Explain how a tissue autoregulates its own blood flow based on metabolic needs. a.
List metabolic changes in a tissue that trigger vasodilation. 30.
Define total blood blow, and explain how it influences local blood flow. VIDEO LECTURE 20.5a –
Part 1 –
BLOOD PRESSURE Connect Homework: Chapter 20 –
Smartbook Reading 2; Blood Pressure –
Virtual Lab 31.
Define blood pressure and blood pressure gradient. 32.
Explain how blood pressure changes across the blood vessels from one type to the next and why this is important for one-way blood flow. 33.
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and relate them to ventricle function. 34.
Define pulse and pulse pressure. 35.
Explain how a sphygmomanometer functions in blood pressure measurement. Difference between net hydrostatic pressure & net colloid pressure across a capillary membrane
Arterial end: favours pushing fluid out from blood into interstitial fluid
Vein end: pulling fluid back into capillaries by osmosis
More fluid is filtered out at the arterial end than reabsorbed into the venular end
Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess fluid & return it to blood through lymphatic vessels
How much blood vessel distribution within a tissue Metabolic active tissue are highly vascularised
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels in a tissue
Regression occurs when blood supply is no longer needed
Contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls in response to changes in stretch
Pressure increase: blood flow increases causing more stretch of vessels, automatically causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow
Pressure decrease: vessels dilate to allow more blood flow
Vasoconstriction: shrink vessel size, to decrease amount of blood flow
Vasodilation: swell vessel size, to increase amount of blood flow
Vasodilators trigger smooth muscle relaxation & increase blood flow
Vasoconstrictors trigger smooth muscle contraction & decrease blood flow
Process where a tissue regulates its local blood flow in response to its metabolic needs
Inadequate perfusion = O2 & nutrient levels to decrease, while CO2, lactate, potassium & hydrogen ions increase
Total blood flow is the amount of blood transported throughout the entire vasculature in any given time, this equals cardiac output
If total blood flow increases then additional blood is available to body tissues
Blood pressure is the force per unit of area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel
Pressure gradient is the change in blood pressure from one end of a vessel to the other
Pressure gradually falls from arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins
One way flow ensures blood from heart moves to the tissues & back to the heart
Systolic: occurs with ventricular systole as a new surge of blood stretches the walls of the arteries to max pressure
Diastolic: occurs with ventricular diastole as the new blood surge flows away the walls of the artery are less stretched
Pulse: rhythmic throbbing of an arterial wall as blood is pumped through it
Pulse pressure: extra pressure against the wall of an artery at peak blood pressure (systolic - diastolic)
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(vessel type)
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(a)
(b)
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