Unit 3

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Unit 3 Learning Objectives – Chapter 20 Physiology Lecture Exam (Vessels and Circulation) NOTE: The major blood vessels you need to be able to identify and blood drop traces are covered in a separate document. This document only contains the objectives for the Chapter 20 Physiology Lecture Exam (Exam 1 for Unit 3). As with other units, there are several animations inside APR that cover blood vessel and blood pressure physiology. Click the “my Animation” tab when self - studying blood vessels inside APR. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1a GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VESSELS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 1. Define artery, capillary, and vein. 2. Describe the three tunics in the walls of most blood vessels, including their tissue compositions, and recognize them on diagrams. 3. Explain the function of the tunica media. 4. Define vasa vasorum and explain where they are found. 5. List key differences between the tunics of the three main types of blood vessels. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1b ARTERIES Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 6. Distinguish between the three types of arteries by describing their structures and explaining their differences. 7. Describe atherosclerosis and aneurysms, including how they can be life-threatening. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1c CAPILLARIES Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 8. Describe the general structure and function of capillaries, and recognize the components of a capillary bed on diagrams. Narrower lumen than companion vein Thicker tunica media Walls remain open when drained of blood Artery: carries blood away from the heart Vein: carries blood toward the heart Capillaries: where gas exchange occurs Tunica intima: inner layer, composed of simple squamous epithelium Tunica media: middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells supported by elastic fiber Tunica externa: outer layer, composed of areolar CT Contraction of smooth muscle results in vasoconstruction, relaxation results in vasodilation Network of small arteries that give blood to large vessels Found in large veins & arteries, extends into tunica externa Elastic: largest, 1-2.5 cm diameter, contain abundant elastic fibers allowing artery to stretch Muscular: 0.3-1 cm diameter mid-sized, distribute blood to specific body regions & organs Arterioles: 1Omicrometers-0.3mm link to capillaries for gas exchange Smallest blood vessels, connects arterioles to venules, composed of simple squamous epithelium Aorta Pulmonary trunk Common carotid Subclavian Common iliac Brachial Anterior tibial Coronary Inferior mesinteric Atherosclerosis: Hardening of arteries cuts the flow of blood to areas served by the artery Aneurysm: part of artery wall balloons outward can allow blood to leak out
BIO 202 - Unit 3 Chapter 20 (Vessels and Circulation) Exam Learning Objectives Page 2 9. Distinguish between the structures, locations, and functions of continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries. 10. Describe the pathway of blood through a capillary bed, and explain the function of precapillary sphincters. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1d VEINS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 11. Describe the general structure and function of veins, including special features that limit blood backflow. 12. Explain how the veins serve as a blood reservoir for the cardiovascular system. VIDEO LECTURE 20.1e PATHWAYS OF BLOOD VESSELS Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 13. Compare and contrast the simple and alternative pathways of blood vessels. 14. Explain why alternative blood flow pathways are needed in some parts of the body. VIDEO LECTURE 20.2 TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AND BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 15. Define blood flow velocity, and state which vessels have the fastest and slowest velocities. 16. Explain why the blood flow velocity in capillaries is important for their function. VIDEO LECTURE 20.3 CAPILLARY EXCHANGE Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 17. Describe the processes for moving substances between the blood and tissues. 18. Describe filtration and reabsorption; explain how these processes cause movement of substances between the blood and tissues. 19. Explain why blood pressure is important for exchange of substances between the blood and tissues. 20. Describe how osmotic pressure functions in exchange of substances between the blood and tissues. Continuous: lining of endothelial cells complete, most capillaries Fenestrated: same as continuous except with small holes Small intestines Ciliary process Choroid plexus Most endocrine glands Kidneys Sinusoid: discontinuous basement membrane, incomplete lining Red bone marrow Liver Spleen Some endocrine glands Merge & drain into larger vessels with increase in vessel diameter as they extend from the capillaries to the heart Valves prevent back flow of blood About 70% of blood is in systemic circulation, about 55% of that is in the veins Wider lumen than companion artery, thicker tunica external, walls collapse when blood is drained Precapillary sphincters relax to allow blood to flow into the true capillaries of the capillary bed Simple pathway: 1 major artery delivers blood to an organ or body region then branches into smaller arteries 1 artery. 1 capillary bed, 1 vein Anastomosis: Joins blood vessels together Portal system: blood flows through 2 capillary beds, both separated by a portal vein Valves are similar in structure to SLV Filtration is a process that occurs on the arterial end of a capillary Reabsorption is the movement of fluid by the bulk flow that is in the opposite direction of filtration Exchange substances between blood & tissues, includes diffusion, vesicular transports & bulk flow Opposes hydrostatic pressure & thus promotes reabsorption How fast blood moves through the vessel Fastest in vessels with lower total cross-sectional areas & slowest in vessels with highest total area Fastest in elastic arteries Slowest in capillaries Must flow slowly to allow exchanges between blood & tissues Filtration occurs on arterial end of capillary, movement of fluid by bulk flow out of blood through capillaries
BIO 202 - Unit 3 Chapter 20 (Vessels and Circulation) Exam Learning Objectives Page 3 21. Define net filtration pressure, and explain how this differs at the arteriolar and venular ends of a capillary. 22. State how fluid levels in a capillary differ at the arteriolar end versus the venular end of a capillary, and explain why based on net filtration pressures. 23. State the role of the lymphatic system in assisting with fluid regulation in tissues. VIDEO LECTURE 20.4 LOCAL BLOOD FLOW Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 1 24. Relate the degree of vascularization of a tissue to perfusion and metabolic needs. 25. Define angiogenesis and regression; explain how angiogenesis aids perfusion of a tissue. 26. Describe the myogenic response and how this controls blood flow to a local tissue. 27. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. 28. Explain how vasodilator and vasoconstrictor chemicals help control local blood flow to a tissue. 29. Explain how a tissue autoregulates its own blood flow based on metabolic needs. a. List metabolic changes in a tissue that trigger vasodilation. 30. Define total blood blow, and explain how it influences local blood flow. VIDEO LECTURE 20.5a Part 1 BLOOD PRESSURE Connect Homework: Chapter 20 Smartbook Reading 2; Blood Pressure Virtual Lab 31. Define blood pressure and blood pressure gradient. 32. Explain how blood pressure changes across the blood vessels from one type to the next and why this is important for one-way blood flow. 33. Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and relate them to ventricle function. 34. Define pulse and pulse pressure. 35. Explain how a sphygmomanometer functions in blood pressure measurement. Difference between net hydrostatic pressure & net colloid pressure across a capillary membrane Arterial end: favours pushing fluid out from blood into interstitial fluid Vein end: pulling fluid back into capillaries by osmosis More fluid is filtered out at the arterial end than reabsorbed into the venular end Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess fluid & return it to blood through lymphatic vessels How much blood vessel distribution within a tissue Metabolic active tissue are highly vascularised Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels in a tissue Regression occurs when blood supply is no longer needed Contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls in response to changes in stretch Pressure increase: blood flow increases causing more stretch of vessels, automatically causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow Pressure decrease: vessels dilate to allow more blood flow Vasoconstriction: shrink vessel size, to decrease amount of blood flow Vasodilation: swell vessel size, to increase amount of blood flow Vasodilators trigger smooth muscle relaxation & increase blood flow Vasoconstrictors trigger smooth muscle contraction & decrease blood flow Process where a tissue regulates its local blood flow in response to its metabolic needs Inadequate perfusion = O2 & nutrient levels to decrease, while CO2, lactate, potassium & hydrogen ions increase Total blood flow is the amount of blood transported throughout the entire vasculature in any given time, this equals cardiac output If total blood flow increases then additional blood is available to body tissues Blood pressure is the force per unit of area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel Pressure gradient is the change in blood pressure from one end of a vessel to the other Pressure gradually falls from arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins One way flow ensures blood from heart moves to the tissues & back to the heart Systolic: occurs with ventricular systole as a new surge of blood stretches the walls of the arteries to max pressure Diastolic: occurs with ventricular diastole as the new blood surge flows away the walls of the artery are less stretched Pulse: rhythmic throbbing of an arterial wall as blood is pumped through it Pulse pressure: extra pressure against the wall of an artery at peak blood pressure (systolic - diastolic)
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