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Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 i Y; (0) 3000 2500 3000 1500 4000 5000 Y; (1) 4000 3000 2500 4000 5500 6000 D₁ 1 0 1 0 1 0 (a) Explain the "fundamental problem of causal inference." Using all of the potential outcomes in the table, what is the average treatment effect?

Among patients with schizophrenia (P), does social skills training (I) improve communication skills (O) more than with pharmacological treatment (C) ? What type of quantitative research design would be best for the above PICO question? Descriptive, correlational, independet and dependent variables, quasi-experimental or experiemental? Please provide answer and why?  Thanks

A correlation between two variables implies that ... one variable may or may not directly affect the other variable. the variables have a linear relationship. one of the variables is the independent variable and the other is the dependent variable. one variable directly affects the other variable.

Scientists often say “correlation does not equate to causation”. What do you/we/they mean?

Complete the following by giving one ORIGINAL example (one of your own) in 2-3 complete sentences for EACH concept listed below: Internal Locus of Control

For each of the following phenomena, indicate (1) a possible hypothesis to ex- plain it, (2) a possible competing hypothesis, and (3) a test implication for each hypothesis. . In stressful situations, women appear to adapt better and quicker to the emotional demands of the situation than men do. The mosquito population in the county has decreased drastically in the past year even though county workers have curtailed the use of insecti- cides and have stopped urging residents to get rid of standing water on their property, which is a breeding ground for the insects.

Label the following examples as metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, or control. a. You set aside additional time for studying after recognizing that you won’t have enough time to get through all the chapters before your test next week. b. You know that you find it difficult to write tests without sufficient sleep. c. You notice that people tend to disengage from conversations with you when you begin complaining about how much you hate work.

Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true about meta-analysis?

I am trying to figure out these four things. What is the independent variable, what is the dependent variable, what are the controlled variables and why this experiment doesn’t use a control.

The following case study is a  paraphrase from "Good Clinical Practice. Standard Operating Procedures for Clinical Researchers" (Kolman, J., Meng, P. and Scott, G. editors; John Wiley and Sons publishers, 1998): “While a study subject and a relative were walking in town one day during the summer, a hanging flower basket fell on a study subjects head, resulting in the study subject falling down and becoming unconscious. The subject’s relative called for an ambulance. On arrival at a local hospital’s Emergency Department, in which the subject regained consciousness but could not recall the event, a x-ray revealed a fractured skull. The subject’s consciousness level at this point was deteriorating and after further tests a subdural hematoma was diagnosed, which was evacuated under general anesthesia. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and progressing well until day four, when the patient developed acute dyspnea (shortness of breath) at rest during visiting time. An emergency lung scan…

In issues and concerns of student nurses in clinical learning what is the purpose of descriptive research to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation according to polit and beck in 2014? Also,what is the starting point of every successful research?

Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality in this relationship?

What does the following imagine show in regard to validity and reliability? Does research cease to progress if both are not evident? Why/why not?

Discuss why memo-ing is an important strategy to utilize with the grounded theory approach.

You are asked to draw and explain the goal of the Meselson-Stahl (1958) Experiment as outlined in the classroom. You need to draw your own diagram and use short sentences to explain the steps and/or important points, deductions. Clearly state what happens at each step.

Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the grounded theory approach. What type of design would be best utilized along with this approach?

what is the Expectation and outcome of results, Logical interpretation of the dataand any errors?

Contrast hypotheses of proximate causality with those of ultimate causality, including the general methods of testing these hypotheses.

In a study of schizophrenia (a mental disorder including disorganization of thought and withdrawal from reality), researchers looked at the prevalence of the disorder in the biological and adoptive parents of people who were adopted as children; they found the following results: Prevalence of schizophrenia Adoptees With schizophrenia Biological parents Adoptive parents 12 2 Without schizophrenia 6 4 [Source: S. S. Kety et al., 1978, in The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse, Eds. New York: Wiley, 1978, pp. 25-37.] What can you conclude from these results concerning the role of genetics in schizophrenia? Explain your reasoning.

Does blood type determine your personality? In a study aimed at answering this question, a random sample of 100 adults was given a personality test, and a comparison was made between the scores on the introversion/extroversion scale and blood type (A, B, AB, О). (a) Is this an experiment, a retrospective observational study, or a prospective observational study? (b) Comment on the extent to which inferences can be drawn about a larger population and whether cause and effect can be established.

What is the function of QA and QC? Write the difference between QA and QC? Please answer at your own easy words .

A) Compare and contrast internal validity and external validity. Be sure to define these terms and give one example of each. internal validity:                   External validity  Definition: Example: B) explain the precautionary principle. Describe a situation related to climate change to which this principle might apply?

A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…

A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…

A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…

Variables are used not only in research and studies but are also often used in everyday life. Knowing the difference in variables can help you make life decisions. There are several different types of variables but the two main ones are independent variables and dependent variables.  why are independent variables so important?

What are the benefits of designing the clinical connections?

The following is an excerpt from a discussion of Principlism, which we have studied. (https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/principlism) Consider, for example, the question of what health professionals should do when they discover that a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is having unprotected sex with partners who are ignorant of his condition. First, respect for the patient's autonomy supports a policy of medical confidentiality, requiring health professionals not to reveal to others private information discovered in the course of caring for patients. According to this policy, health professionals should do nothing to warn the sexual partners of their HIV-positive patient, as doing so would violate his confidentiality. Second, if there is evidence that public disclosure of the patient's condition would harm him economically, socially, psychologically, or physically, the principle of nonmaleficence would also urge…

What is the definition of independent variable , dependent variable, and constant? Where on a graph do the independent and dependent variables appear? What is the definition of a law? What does the conclusion state in an experiment? Does a theory become true after one experiment? At what temperature in both Celsius and Fahrenheit does water boil and freeze?

What are the limitations of Kotch's Postulates?