478-678-2024-Exam 1 possible questions

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Colorado State University, Fort Collins *

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Exam 1 Possible Questions Jan 19 What is Ecological Restoration? / Film: The man who planted trees 1) Consider the understanding of ecological restoration you had at the beginning of this course (Quiz 1). How has your understanding changed since then? 2) Describe the ecological consequences that resulted from the shepherd planting trees in the barren landscape, how did these effects propagate through the ecosystem? And explain whether you would consider the work that the shepherd did, ecological restoration? Why or why not? 3) In “The Man Who Planted Trees,” to what do later teams of experts attribute the appearance of the forest? a) They attribute the forest to the man’s work b) They claim credit for the restoration of the forest c) They suppose the villagers in the surrounding towns must have planted the trees d) They say it grew spontaneously e) b and c are correct 4) How did the shepherd in “The Man Who Planted Trees” increase his chances of success when planting his forest? a) He built a fence around his seedlings b) He used high quality topsoil c) He checked the quality of his acorns and planted more seeds than he needed to account for the fact that not all of his seeds would sprout d) He consulted the local university about the most effective ecological restoration techniques e) He trained his dog to scare off intruders who might destroy his seedlings 5) In the film “The Man Who Planted Trees” the shepherd was planting trees because: a) He promised his wife he would b) His sheep needed trees for survival c) He needed the trees for charcoal d) He believed the land was dying e) He was a forester

2 Jan 22 The Need for Restoration /Katz 2018 6) Describe at least one defining attribute of each of the following eras: The Era of Exploitation, The Era of Conservation, and the Era of Restoration 7) Eric Katz argues that ecological restoration: a) Creates a human-produced system designed to satisfy human needs and wants b) Cannot physically restore an entity or system to a prior state c) Assumes human dominion over the natural world d) Cannot be justified as a way to achieve moral reparations with nature e) All of the above 8) The UN declared 2021- 2030 as the decade of ____? a) Conservation b) Ecosystem Restoration c) Astrophysics d) Restoration Ecology e) None of the above 9) Which of the following is NOT a possible benefit of ecological restoration? a) improving air quality b) improving soil health c) ensuring sustainability of natural resources d) provide economic gain e) none of the above – they are all possible benefits 10) Initiative 20x20 refers to a) An international effort to conserve 20 X 20 kilometer plots of land in developing countries b) A pledge between 8 countries to restore 20 million hectares of degraded land in Central and South America by 2020 c) An African coalition announced at the 2015 Paris Climate Talks d) A United Nations resolution laying the foundation for the worlds countries to have “perfect vision” of current deforestation by using LIDAR and satellite images e) Efforts to conserve the top 20 endangered plant and animal species in the U.S. 11) What is the Bonn Challenge? a) A restoration initiative started by a coalition of 10 African nations that will restore 100 million hectares by 2030 b) The World Bank started the Bonn Challenge to raise the billions of dollars required to restore degraded lands c) A marathon designed to call attention to global climate change by taking runners through degraded lands d) The ICUN and several European countries pledged to have 150 million hectares restored by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030 e) Named for Charles Bonn, the first person to complete the challenge, participants attempt to eat 16 dozen donuts in 16 minutes to raise awareness and money for restoration initiatives.

3 12) Katz (2018) main argument is that ecological restoration: a) Is the best thing we can do as a society b) Is impossible c) Gives people an excuse to continue to degrade the environment d) Reduces the chance of people degrading the environment in the first place e) Doesn’t exist Jan 24 – Historical Views of Ecological Restoration; Higgs et al. 2014, Harari 2015 13) What is the SER definition of ecological restoration? Briefly describe the meaning and reasoning behind the wording of this definition in the context of how it has changed over the years. 14) In what ways can historical knowledge be of practical value for ecological restoration and in what ways can commitment to historical conditions be problematic? 15) Restoration was first practiced by: a) The Society for Ecological Restoration b) Environmentalists in the 1960’s and 70’s c) Universities in the western United States d) The U.S. coal mining industry e) The first humans who managed lands 16) Ecosystems have a history, but their _____ is not their _____ a) Future; Past b) History; current condition c) Past; Future d) Past; biography e) Something; Something 17) What is the definition of Reclamation? a) Replanting a disturbed ecosystem b) Restoring a damaged ecosystem back to its natural status c) The process of making a disturbed site habitable to organisms that were originally present or others that approximate the original inhabitants d) The process of cleaning up an old coal mine by removing any pollutants from the soil layer and planting native vegetation on the exposed soils to prevent erosion e) The process of restoring a highly disturbed coal mine site back to the ecosystem that was present before the mine was established 18) Which of these is most in line with the current concept of ecological restoration? a) A return to pre-European conditions. b) A return to pre-human conditions. c) Allowing an ecosystem to recover from degradation on its own. d) Helping an ecosystem recover more quickly than it would do so on its own. e) Reparation for moral wrongs done to the environment.

4 19) Harari (2016) states which of the following about pre-historic human history? a) The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of human-caused mass extinctions. b) Megafauna consistently disappears in regions following the arrival of humans. c) The disappearance of many large herbivores can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. d) Humans mostly lived in harmony with terrestrial mammals until the development of non-nomadic societies. e) The invention of chariots following the discovery of the wheel allowed for the first instances of mass hunting and, subsequently, the extinction of many large mammals. 20) According to Higgs et al. (2014), “Restoration v. 2.0” ____? a) Is driven by history as a template b) Has a singular trajectory c) Places an emphasis on composition d) Is driven by history as a guide e) All of the above 21) What key piece of U.S. legislation helped land managers begin to define the process of recovering degraded sites? a) Clean Water Act b) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act c) The Restoration and Reclamation Act d) National Environmental Policy Act e) The Superfund Act 22) In Higgs et al. (2014), what is a difference between restoration v1.0 and v2.0 a) V2.0 is history as a guide, while V1.0 is history as a template. b) V1.0 focuses on a singular trajectory while v2.0 focuses on multiple trajectories. c) V1.0 focuses on restoring landscapes to pre-European times, v2.0 focuses on reference sites. d) Both a and b e) None of the above 23) Which term best describes restoration, creation, or enhancement of ecosystems for the purpose of compensating for unavoidable impacts to ecosystems at another location? a) Ecological Trajectory b) Reference ecosystems c) Reclamation d) Reconciliation Ecology e) Mitigation

5 Jan 26 – Eco-cultural restoration; Bliska et al. 2024 24) Compare and contrast eco-cultural restoration, reconciliation ecology, and restoration ecology. 25) Discuss one positive and one negative effect of including a large number of people in the planning stage of an ecological restoration project. 26) What are some unique benefits of utilizing Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK or TEK) in ecological restoration projects? 27) Traditional ecological knowledge: a) Is not useful for modern ecological restoration b) Teaches that disturbances are harmful to ecosystems c) Can provide important information about local natural resources d) Is the only way to increase the abundance of endangered species e) Is incorporated into all federal land management practices in the Unities States 28) Traditional ecological knowledge is a) Something b) Indigenous knowledge of local natural resources c) Another name for restoration d) Ecological knowledge passed down from the colonial era e) Study of prehistoric ecology 29) The concept of ecocultural restoration considers all of the following EXCEPT: a) Involving the local community in decision making b) Engaging indigenous peoples c) Developing young generations of ecological land stewards d) Using the best available science regardless of a consensus by locals e) Restoring cultures’ relationships to the earth 30) Which of the following is not a key principle of eco-cultural restoration projects, as stated in Bliska et al., 2024? a) Reinvigorating traditions and culture b) Sparking learning across generations c) Centering and valuing ancestral understandings d) Return of cultures to a previous or fixed state e) Engaging communities holistically 31) According to the Bliska et al. (2024), which of the following are part of the 4 questions to ask when approaching restoration from an eco-cultural lens? a) What forms of knowledge are prioritized in this project? b) How can the education of younger generations be tied in to the project? c) What are the sources of funding for this project, and how can funders be involved in the process? d) Both a and b e) All the above

6 Jan 29 – Definitions / SER 2019 32) Briefly describe the difference between ecological restoration and restoration ecology? 33) Choose two terms from the following and explain at least one similarity and one difference between them in your own words: Rehabilitation, Revegetation, Mitigation, Reconciliation, Reclamation, Ecological Engineering, Rewilding. 34) Describe the concept of “ecological trajectory” and its importance in ecological restoration. 35) What is reconciliation ecology? a) The science of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. b) The science of inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work or play. c) The science of making a disturbed site habitable to organisms that were originally present or others that approximate the original inhabitants. d) The science of repairing damaged ecosystem functions, with the goal of raising productivity for some beneficial use. e) The science of which ecological restoration is based upon. 36) What is the primary benefit of using native reference ecosystems? a) Serves as a model for planning and evaluating project outcomes b) Provides opportunities for human-use c) Cultural input d) Shows the potential for human development on a site e) Allows for greater use of introduced species 37) Which is NOT one of the eight principles underpinning Restoration Ecology as stated by the SER Primer? a) Seeks the highest level of recovery possible b) Engages stakeholders c) Draws on many types of knowledge d) Returns ecosystems to perfect historical states e) Is part of a continuum of restorative activities 38) Which of the following sources of information is not useful in describing reference conditions? a) Paleoecological evidence such as pollen, tree ring history, and rodent middens b) Aerial and ground-level photos c) Historical accounts from local populations d) Ecological descriptions and maps of the site prior to damage e) Intuition of project managers 39) Mitigation is: a) Compensating for environmental damage b) The process of establishing plants in areas devoid of vegetation c) Doing civil engineering with natural materials and living organisms d) Thinning vegetation around homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface e) The science of inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity where people live, work, or play

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