Kimbrough_Lab Activity Footsteps in Time Spring.docx

pdf

School

University of Kansas *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

102

Subject

Biology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by PresidentExplorationHippopotamus35

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Lab Activity – Tracing Footsteps in Time Data analysis and Conclusions Learning Objectives ● Explain how current biometric data of a species can be used to estimate traits of extinct species. ● Explain how anatomical features and the fossil record are used to support the theory of evolution. ● Create a scatter plot and a “best fit line.” Summary: ● In this lab, you will study the relationship between foot length and height of modern humans. Applying this relationship to footprints left by ancient hominids, we will estimate their height. Can we accurately predict their height or have modern humans evolved and the relationship between foot length and height changed? Materials Needed for Lab Ruler Calculator / Computer Photographic diagram of Laetoli Footprints (Appendix) Source Footsteps in Time. Evolution & the Nature of Science Institutes) www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb Masao, T. et al. 2016. New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. eLi. 2016;5:e19568. 1 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Results and Analysis YOU NEED TO COMBINE YOUR DATA WITH THE CLASS DATA FOR THIS PORTION OF THE LAB Step 1. Navigate to the assignment in Canvas. Download the Excel file and open the class data sheet. Step 2. Save the Excel file to your computer. Add your data from the pre-lab to the Excel file. Step 3. Use all data for data analysis when completing activities below. Activity 1 – Graphing Foot Length and Height Data Using the data from the Excel Data sheet, make a scatter plot. See example graph below. For “how to guides” on creating scatter plots and adding trendlines, see the resources in the How to Guides Module in Canvas. 1. The x-axis is foot length. 2. The y-axis is height. 3. Add a trendline or “best-fit” line to your scatter plot. Be sure to extend the trendline beyond the data set. 4. Make sure to label the x-axis, the y-axis and give your graph a descriptive title. 5. Insert your graphs in the Assignment – Exit Ticket section of this document. You may use your preferred graphing software (Excel, Numbers, Google Sheets, or Chart tool in MS Word) to create your bar graphs. You may also draw them by hand on paper and submit photos of your graphs. 2 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Activity 2 – Calculating the Percent Error To test whether foot length can be used to predict height we will calculate the percent error. Percent errors indicate how big our errors are when we measure something in an analysis process. Smaller percent errors indicate that we are close to the accepted or original value. For example, a 1% error indicates that we got very close to the accepted value, while 48% means that we were quite a long way off from the true value. If the experimental value is equal to the accepted value, the percent error is equal to 0. The smaller the percent error, the closer the estimate is to the actual value. Measurement errors are mostly unavoidable: equipment can be imprecise, hands can shake, or your instruments just might not have the capability to measure accurately. Percent error will let you know how badly these unavoidable errors affected your results. The percent error is calculated using the equation below. If the experimental value is less than the accepted value, the error is negative. If the experimental value is larger than the accepted value, the error is positive. Often, percent error is reported as the absolute value of the difference to avoid confusion of a negative error. % Error = |Estimated – Actual| * 100 Actual 1. Using your own foot length measurement and your graph, estimate your height. To find your estimated height follow these steps: (also see the example for height and femur length in Pre-lab): Step 1 . On the x-axis for foot length, find your foot length. Step 2 . Move vertically up towards the trendline. 3 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Step 3 . Once on the trendline, move horizontally towards the y-axis for height. Step 4. The value on the y-axis is your estimated height. 2. Record your estimated height in Assignment – Exit Ticket section of the document. Activity 3 – Estimating the Height of Individuals of Fossilized Footprints. To determine if our modern footprint and height data can be used to estimate the height of the individuals that made the Laetoli footprints, we are going to measure the lengths of the footprints that were discovered at the Laetoli site. We will want to measure the length of the footprints, in the same manner that we measured our footprints, from the heel to the big toe. The photographic diagram of one of the footprints for individual G1 is in Figure 1. The remaining photographic diagrams of the fossilized footprints are in the Appendix, located at the end of the document. When looking at this image, we can make out a footprint – think of the footprints that you leave when walking in sand on the beach. In this figure, the gradient of colors represents the depth of the footprint. If we think back to the footprint in the sand, our footprints are deeper in the sand where most of our weight is when our foot hits the ground. In this figure, the red orange shading, marked as high, indicates the surface of the soil; the dark blue, marked as low, indicates a deeper impression in the soil. 1. Using the photographic diagram of the Laetoli Footprints as shown in Figure 3, we will determine the length of the foot from the heel to the big toe the footprint for the individual (G1-34). From this Figure you will determine the foot length for G1-34. NOTE: The scale in these images is in mm. You will need to convert to cm. Figure 1. Steps and examples to calculate the length of a footprint using photographic diagrams. 4 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 2. Using the images in the Figures in the Appendix at the end of this document, determine the foot length for the footprints of the individuals listed in Table 2. 3. For each measured footprint length in Table 2 predict the height of the individuals, using the data in your scatter plot and the trendline or “best-fit” line. Follow the procedure we used to estimate your height in Activity 1. Assignment – Exit Ticket Directions 1. Complete Activities 1 – 4 2. Submit your assignment in Canvas; it must be in PDF format. Name, Date and Student ID Name: Ben Kimbrough Date: Feb 5 2024 Student ID: 3014821 Activity 1 – Graphing Foot Length and Height 5 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Activity 2 – Calculating % Error for Our Class Data By calculating the % error we will determine how well foot length predicts height. 1. Using the data in the graph calculate the % error. Refer to Activity 2 above for calculating the % error. Your Estimated height: 187.5 Actual height: 190.5 How close are you to the actual height? Not far off, only 3 cm away. Calculate the % error.: -1.57% error Activity 3 – Estimating the Height of Individuals of Fossilized Footprints and Calculating % Error Table 2. Estimated Height of Individuals that Made the Footprints in both Laetoli Track Ways Individual Foot Length (cm) Measured from Figure in Appendix Estimated Height From Your Graph (cm) % Error (actual heights are listed below this table) Laetoli 20 160 23.08% GaJi10 22.5 159 -6.19% Homo Sapiens (Sefton Coast) 25 173 2.98% 1. Complete the above table using the information in Figure 1 located in the Appendix at the end of the document. 6 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Lab Activity BIOL 102 2. Use your graph to estimate heights for each of the three individuals. 3. Calculate the % error for each footprint. Use the published values given below as the actual height and the estimated heights in Table 2 as the estimated height in the % error formula. Actual (published) heights for the three footprints we studied: Laetoli published height is 130 cm. GaJi10 published height is 169.5 cm. Homo Sapiens published height is 168 cm. Activity 4 - Analysis and Conclusion 1. Referring to Activity 2 – Calculating % error for our class data. Does our class data support using foot length to estimate the height of modern humans? Use complete sentences, supporting data (% errors) and reasoning in your response. The class data supports using foot length to estimate the height of modern humans. In activity 2, the difference between my actual height and the estimated height that was formed by the data was just over 1.5% error. This shows that the trendline could be effective and can be used to estimate the height of modern humans, as it is very close to the real-life measurements 2. Referring to Activity 3 – Estimating the height of Individuals from Fossilized footprints. Does the relationship between foot length and height for modern humans accurately estimate the height of ancient hominins (Laetoli, Kenyan GaJi10, Homo Sapiens )? Address each footprint measured separately. Use complete sentences, supporting data (% error) and reasoning in your conclusion. The relationship between foot length and height for modern humans accurately estimates the height of ancient hominis, to different extent. For Laetoli, the trendline and data have a 23.08% error, which isn’t that great. For GaJi10, the trendline and data had a -6.19% error which is reasonably good. Lastly, for Homo Sapiens, the trendline had a 2.98% error, which was the best of them all. There are very small errors for such a difficult task (determining height of human ancestors) and therefore this percent errors are good. 3. The average height range globally for males is 159.8 to 182.5 cm and for females is 124.4 to 169.8 cm (elifesciences.org). Based on our experimental design and results, are you able to make any predictions about the age or biological sex of the three individuals – Laetoli, GaJi10, and Homo Sapiens ? Why or why not? Include how we might adjust our experimental design. 7 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 Laetoli can be predicted as a teenage female, as it falls in the shorter end of the spectrum for the average women in the world. GaJi10 can be predicted to be a tall woman, or average man, and the same goes for Homo Sapiens. This is hard to determine as their heights fall in both categories. This experiment also does not take in consideration other physiological factors, such as scoliosis. This affects the height of a person, but not their feet size. For example, my friend's shoes can fit my feet, but since he has scoliosis he is shorter than me. The experiment also did not include gender, which influences the trendline dramatically because the average of height mostly increases. Appendix Figure 1. Topographical images of footprints. The first footprint is from the Laetoli Site. Topographical footprints from Kenya labeled GaJi10 and FwJj14E. Topographical footprint from Homo Sapiens is a 5000-year-old footprint found near Sefton Coast UK. 8 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Lab Activity BIOL 102 9 Tracing Footsteps in Time Spring 2024-1

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents

5 - Spring 2022 Digestion & Enzymes_ Fat Emulsion & Lipids - Fillable Form.pdf

annotated-Pre Lab Tracking Influenza Fall 2023-1.docx.pdf

Kimbrough_Lab Activity Inherited Traits PKU.docx.pdf

Kimbrough_Lab Activity Scientific Method Skittles.docx.pdf

Kimbrough_Pre Lab Footsteps in Time Spring.docx.pdf

Kimbrough_Pre Lab Scientific Method Skittles .docx.pdf

MLS460 Immunology_Lab Assignment 1.pdf

bio final questions .docx

50 min version Activity - Darwin's Finches Natural Selection.docx

Kami Export - Week_8a_Eukaryotic_Gene_Expression_v2.pdf

HIVELISA_ReportTemplate.docx

2023 Research Project Proposal Form.pdf

Recommended textbooks for you

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...

Biology

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...

Biology

ISBN:9781337408332

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology 2e

Biology

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:OpenStax

An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term

Biology

ISBN:9781305465763

Author:ROMICH

Publisher:Cengage

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781337408332
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term
Biology
ISBN:9781305465763
Author:ROMICH
Publisher:Cengage