MCB150Spr24 Problem Set 1

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University of California, Berkeley *

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150

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Problem Set 1 Name: Nathan Perez MCB150, Spring 2024 Student ID: 3037236398 Prof. Barton Your GSI: Mari Due: Jan 26 at 5pm Please feel to discuss these problems with other students, but write your answers independently and in your own words. 1. List the major differences between the innate and adaptive immune systems in terms of microbial recognition. - Innate Immune system: exists in some form in all animals and plants. This is the body’s first line of defense. It has a rapid response within seconds to minutes/hours. Innate system is less specific - Adaptive immune system: Thai system develops as the body gets exposed to the microbes (days). Exist in higher vertebrates. It is a highly specific receptor for T and B cells to recognize antigens. 2. Predict the outcome of Jenner’s famous “experiment” if he had changed it in the following ways. Provide a brief explanation of your answer. A. He waited 3 days between the first injection of fluid from the cowpox pustule and the second injection of fluid for the smallpox pustule. - If Jenner waited only 3 days between the cowpox and smallpox injections, the body probably wouldn’t have been able to develop an immune response to the cowpox which could lead to an ineffective protection against smallpox. B. The first injection consisted of SARS-CoV-2 instead of fluid from the cowpox Pustule. - SARS-CoV-2 and smal;lpox are different viruses. If someone is exposed to SARS-CoV-2, it won’t make someone immune to smallpox. This is because they have different antigens. C. He used purified proteins from cowpox virus for the first injection. - It would depend what protein is used for it to be effective but the protein could also be missing important antigens which still wouldn't do the trick. 3. Explain how the innate immune system controls activation of the adaptive immune System. - The innate immune system controls the activation of the adaptive immune system through antigens. Antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) capture antigens a d present them on their surface. These APCs then migrate to lymph nodes where they interact with T cells which activate the adaptive immune response.

4. Provide an example of the adaptive immune system aiding function of the innate immune system. - An example of the adaptive immune system aiding function of the innate immune system are B cells. 5. While the initiation of complement activation can occur in a few different ways, all pathways converge on a key step. What is this step? - This step could be the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b. This process is called proteolysis. 6. Describe 3 ways that complement might facilitate clearance of a bacterial infection. - Opsonization: Complement protein will coat the bacteria, making them easily recognized and will then be ingested by phagocytes. - Inflammation : Complement components like C3a and C5a acts as anaphylatoxins to attract immune cells to the site of infection. - Membrane attack: formation of pores in the pathogens membrane 7. Predict the relative severity of disorders associated with deficiency in the following components of complement. Justify why one disorder may be more or less severe than another. A. C1q - Having a deficiency in C1q could be severe because it is involved in the initiation of the classical pathway of complement activation. This could lead to autoimmune disorders. B. C9 - A deficiency in C9 could be less severe because it is involved in forming the MAC. C. Factor B - Factor B deficiency could be moderately severe because it is a part of the alternative pathway. - 8. Patients with Factor I deficiency suffer from bacterial infections because they have very low levels of C3 in their blood. Why? - Factor 1 is important for controlling a part of the immune system in the complement system. It does that by breaking down C3b. If there is not enough Fator 1, the control does not work properly. This makes C3 get used up too quickly which leads to the low levels in blood. 9. Why might a patient with a deficiency in a complement regulatory protein develop severe swelling? - A deficiency in a complement regulatory protein can result in uncontrolled activation of the complement system, like the production of C3a and C5a. Those molecules increase vascular permeability and cause fluid accumulation in the tissues which leads to severe swelling.

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