Exam 3 Review

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Exam 3 Review Peripheral Nervous System Acts as “highway system” from CNS to and from rest of body  Cranial nerves  Spinal nerves  Ganglia  Also includes: o Sensory receptors o Motor endings PNS I: Sensation-aware of stimulus General senses- senses are widely distributed (integumentary system)  Vibration  Touch  Proprioception- body awareness  Temperature  Pain  Pressure Classification of sensory receptors  Stimulus type  Mechanoreceptors- vibration, touch  Thermoreceptors- change in temp.  Chemoreceptors- taste  Nociceptors- pain  Location  Exteroceptors- outside body, skin, special senses  Interoceptors- inside body, viscera (organs), blood vessels  Proprioceptors- inside body, smooth muscle, tendons, joints  Different receptor structures 1. Nonencapsulated sensory receptors  Free nerve endings  Found all over body!  Can be extero-, intero-, or proprioceptors  Thermo-, chemo-, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors  Tactile (Merkel) discs  Found in stratum basale (epidermis)  Exteroceptors  Mechanoreceptors  Hair follicle receptors  Found in and around hair follicles  Exteroceptors  Mechanoreceptors 2. Encapsulated sensory receptors

 Tactile corpuscles  Found in dermal papillae of hairless skin  Exteroceptors  Mechanoreceptors (discriminative touch)  Endings cased with connective tissue  Lamellar corpuscles  Found deep in dermis and hypodermis  Extero-, intero-, proprioceptors  Mechanoreceptors (vibration)  Bulbous corpuscles  Found in dermis, hypodermis, and joint capsules  Extero-, proprioceptors  Mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch)  Muscle spindles  Found in perimysium of skeletal muscle  Proprioceptors  Mechanoreceptors (muscle stretch, length)  Tendon organs  Found in tendons  Proprioceptors  Mechanoreceptors (tendon stretch, tension) Processed in the somatosensory system  Processing occurs at 3 levels: 1. Perceptual 2. Circuit 3. Receptors Somatosensory system, receptor level  Generating a signal:  Specificity  Stimulus has to match receptor specificity  Receptive Field  Stimulus has to be applied within the area the receptor monitors  Fields can range in size  Transduction  Stimulus energy must be converted  Stimulus energy Transduction Graded potential  How signals originate at sensory receptors  Energy conversion  Receptor Potential o Receptor (separate cell)  Generator Potential o Receptor (modified ending of afferent neuron)  Usually depolarizing, but can be hyperpolarizing (in the eye)  Sensory neurons are commonly unipolar neurons  Sensory receptors are like the “dendrites” and receive information  Free

 Free nerve endings  Unmyelinated axon  Encapsulated  Enclosed nerve endings (layers of connective tissue)  Myelinated axon  Specialized  Specialized receptor cell (hair cell)  Synaptic vesicles  Synapse  Myelinated axon  Mechanically gated channel  Activated (opened) by mechanical stimulus  Threshold (needs to be reached for AP to be generated)  GPs are stimulus-strength dependent  GPs are summated  If stimulus depolarizes the receptor/receptor region to threshold, AP is triggered  Adaptation  Some sensory receptors ADAPT to stimulus- change sensitivity if stimulus is constant  Tonic- Slow adaptation  Phasic- Rapid adaptation Somatosensory system, circuit level  Ascending Pathways  Gets info. from periphery to central processing in brain  Signal from the receptor is transmitted to the SC via AP propagation up the afferent sensory neuron  Signal then progresses up to brain via ascending pathways  Types of ascending pathways: o Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways  Discriminative touch and vibration (precisely locate stimulus)  Decussate in medulla (medial lemniscus)  Proprioceptors or mechanoreceptors o Spinothalamic pathways  Pain, temp., coarse touch & pressure (have difficulty localizing these)  Decussate in SC  Nociceptors or thermoreceptors o Spinocerebellar pathways  Muscle and tendon stretch (needed for cerebellum’s coordinating function)  Do not decussate  Muscle spindle (proprioceptor) Somatosensory system, perceptual level

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