bio 226 final 3

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 1. A farmer in Kansas and a farmer in California each plant an acre of the same kind of corn. Because the environment differs for each field, how will this affect the height of their corn? a. the average height of the corn could differ between fields b. the variation in the height of the corn in each field could differ between fields c. the color and see shape of the corn could differ between fields d. both the average height of the corn and the variation in corn height within each field could differ between fields e. average height, variation in height, seed color, and seed shape could all differ between fields d. both the aver- age height of the corn and the varia- tion in corn height within each field could differ be- tween fields 2. The concordance among identical twins for epilepsy is 37% and for fraternal twins 19%. From this informa- tion, we can conclude that: a. epilepsy has only a minor genetic component b. epilepsy has an important genetic component c. epilepsy has both and important genetic compo- nent and an important environmental component d. lifestyle and other environmental factors play an important role in epilepsy e. epilepsy has only a minor genetic component, while lifestyle and other environmental factors play and im- portant role c. epilepsy has both and impor- tant genetic com- ponent and an important environ- mental component 3. The phenotype of an individual results from an inter- action between: a. genotype & mutation rate b. genotype & the environment c. allele frequency & mutation rate d. allele frequency & genotype e. allele frequency & the environment b. genotype & the environment 1 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 4. If eight allele for a gene exist in a population, what is the maximum number of allele copies for that gene an unaffected diploid individual is expected to have? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 e. 8 a. 2 5. Why do data on observable mutant phenotypes under- estimate that actual frequency of mutation? a. many mutations are in non-coding regions of the genome b. some mutations in protein coding regions of the genome are synonymous or silent mutations c. most mutations result in death of the individual or and inability to reproduce d. a & b are correct e. all of the above are correct d. a & b are correct 6. In humans, ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant to being unable to roll the tongue (r). Having freckles (F) is dominant to having no freckles (f). A freckled tongue-roller could have which of the following geno- types? a. RRFF b. RrFf c. rrFF d. both RRFF & RrFr are correct e. all of the options are correct d. both RRFF & RrFr are correct 7. Consider Mendels experiments involving the trait around versus wrinkled peas. In some experiments, Mendels method involved removing the anthers that produce pollen from the flowers of the round peas and applying pollen from the anthers of the wrinkled plant. b. the F1 peas pro- duced would have a single pheno- type 2 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g What would have happened if Mendel had missed some anthers he was trying to remove from the flow- ers of the plants that produce only round peas, and observed the peas produced by a plant that had a mix of round and wrinkled pollen. (Indicate which of the following must be true) a. the F1 peas produced would have mixed pheno- types b. the F1 peas produced would have a single pheno- type c. the F2 peas would have phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio d. the F2 peas would all have the phenotype of the parental plant with the anthers not properly removed e. the F1 peas would have phenotypes in a 1:1 ratio 8. According to Mendel's work, a heterozygous plant with alleles Aa will produce: a. gametes with only the A allele b. gametes with only the a allele c. gametes containing both the A allele and the a allele d. 50% of the gametes with the A allele and 50% of the gametes with the a allele, on average e. some gametes with the A allele and some with the a allele, but no predictable ratio d. 50% of the ga- metes with the A allele and 50% of the gametes with the a allele, on av- erage 9. If you crossed two heterozygous yellow seed pea plant (genotypes Aa): a. the relative frequency of the a allele in each parents gametes would be 1/2 b. the relative frequency of the A allele in each parents gametes would be 1/2 c. the relative frequency of green seed plants (geno- type aa) would be 1/4 d. the relative frequency of homozygous yellow seed plants (genotype AA) would be 1/4 e. all of the answer options are true e. all of the answer options are true 3 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 10. In pea plants, flowers are either white or purple; the purple color is produced by pigment called antho- cyanins. The production of anthocyanins is a two step process the first is controlled by the C gene and the second by the P gene both genes must be produced functional proteins for anthocyanin to be produced. For each gene, the dominant (C and P) alleles produce functional proteins. You cross two pea plants, each with the genotype CcPp. What proportion of their off- spring will have purple flowers? a. 13/16 b. 9/16 c. 7/16 d. 3/4 e. 1/4 b. 9/16 11. Human ABO blood groups are determined by a single gene with 3 alleles: A, B, and O. IN a sample of 300 individuals, 100 are blood type A and genotype AA, 100 are blood type B and genotype BO, and 100 are blood type O and genotype OO. What are the allele frequencies? a. 25% A, 25% B, 50% O b. 50% A, 25% B, 25% O c. 33.3% A, 33.3% B, 33.3% O d. 33.35 A, 33.3% B, 66.6 % O e. 33.3% A, 16.6% B, 50% O e. 33.3% A, 16.6% B, 50% O 12. In a population with two alleles, A and a, the fre- quency of a is 0.6. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a. 0.48 b. 0.64 c. 0.16 a. 0.48 4 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g d. 0.36 e. 0.40 13. Imagine that beak color in a finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous off- spring, all of which have pale, light orange beaks. This latter of coot expression is most likely to be an example of: a. codominance b. incomplete dominance c. pleiotrophy d. polygenic inheritance e. epistasis b. incomplete dominance 14. Any genetic difference among individuals sufficiently common to be found in a random sample of 50 indi- viduals polymorphism 15. Any mating of an unknown genotype with a homozy- gous recessive genotype test cross 16. This describes genes that are sufficiently close to- gether on the same chromosome that they are gener- ally inherited together linked genes 17. A complex trait in which the phenotype is measured along a continuum with only small intervals between similar individuals quantitative 18. This describes all the alleles present in all the individ- uals in a population gene pool 19. Male Australian bowerbirds build and decorate elab- orate structures, called bowers, out of grasses and other vegetation. If we want to understand the physi- ological mechanism behind this behavior, we want to understand its: a. causation 5 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g a. causation b. development c. adaptive function d. evolutionary history e. causation & development 20. A newly mates queen ant establishes an ant nest in an unoccupied path of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation will best describe its population growth over time? a. linear b. quadratic c. logarithmic d. logistic e.exponential d. logistic 21. What is the age structure of a population? a. the curve that results when the likelihood of dying is plotted as a function of age b. the curve that results when the likelihood of being alive is plotted as a function of age c. proportion of individuals in different age groups d. the different in the age distribution of a population at two definite points in time e. the structure of a population at different points on its growth curve c. proportion of in- dividuals in differ- ent age groups 22. We would expect that the patter of dispersion for a population of desert plants that are limited by access to water to be _______________. a. absolute b. clumped c. homogenous e. uniform 6 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g d. random e. uniform 23. You are surveying biodiversity on a new island chain. You have counted the number of bird species on one island already. The next island is larger and closer to the mainland than the one you have just surveyed. According to the theory of island biogeography, the total number of its bird species should be _____ than on the first island because the rate of immigration to the second island should be ______ and the rate if extinction should be _______. a. greater (larger); lower; higher b. greater (larger); higher; lower c. lower (smaller); higher; lower d. lower (smaller); lower; higher e. none of the above b. greater (larger); higher; lower 24. Which of the following is an example of a population? a. all of the microorganisms on your skin b. all of the species of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria c. all of the students in your classroom d. all studnets attending colleges and universities in your state e. the various plants found in prairies in the western united states c. all of the students in your classroom 25. When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby's mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of: a. habituation b. imprinting behavior c. classical conditioning d. innate behavior e. imitation d. innate behavior 26. 7 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g This is the maximum rate of population growth when no environmental factors limit the population intrinsic growth rate 27. This is a species that produces large numbers of off- spring, but provided them few resources r-strategists 28. ________________ is a type of associative learning in which a undirected novel behavior has become parked with a stimulus through reinforcement Operant condition- ing 29. ________________ is a simple cue stimulating a fixed action key stimulus 30. A researcher synthesizes a new drug that specifically targets and degrade peptidoglycan. What type of in- fection could this drug treat? a. infections caused by archaea b. infections caused by bacteria c. infections caused by viruses d. infections caused by eukaryotes e. both a and b are correct b. infections caused by bacte- ria 31. A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrones by absorbing organic compounds from de- composing wastes. What is it? a. a chemo-heterotroph b. a chemo-autotroph c. a photo-hetertroph d. a photo-autotroph e. a hemotroph a. a chemo-het- erotroph 32. Miller-Urey-type experiments have shown that a. simple cells could be produced in the lab using a "soup" of small organic molecules b. living cells could survive in primitive Earth's atmos- phere c. microspheres could be formed from amino acids d. organic mole- cules can be pro- duced by physical processes from in- organic compo- nents 8 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g d. organic molecules can be produced by physical processes from inorganic components e. given the conditions of early Earth, the formation of life would still require additional materials from meteorites and asteroids 33. Undifferentiated cells of plants are most likely to be present in which of the flowing tissues? a. leaves b. transport systems (xylem & phloem) c. root tips d. flowers e. all of the above c. root tips 34. Gastrulation in animal cells is able to take place be- cause: a. animal cells do not have cell walls b. mitosis stops so that cells are able to move around c. cells in the meristem are able to migrate d. complex regulatory genes are suppressed during animal development e. both a and c are correct a. animal cells do not have cell walls 35. According to current scientific thinking, true multicel- lular organisms a. are all descended from a single colonial protist ancestor b. formed through the fusion of several separate species of unicellular protests, who carried out dif- ferent complementary functions within the evolving organism c. descend from several different kinds of unicellular protists, which became multicellular through special- ization and cooperation among cells within a colony d. include only animals e. cannot be traced to any existing or fossil intermedi- c. descend from several different kinds of unicellu- lar protists, which became multicel- lular through spe- cialization and co- operation among cells within a colony 9 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g ate stages; this there is no current scientific theory for the process that generated multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors 36. Which three groups of protists all produce hard miner- alized skeletal structures or cell walls that contribute to marine sediments and form fossils? a. green algae, brown algae, and diatoms b. diatoms, foraminiferans, and radiolarians c. dinoflagellates, diatoms, and green algae d. diplomonads, radiolarians, and apicomplexans e. amoebas, tryanosomes, and apicomplexans b. di- atoms, foraminifer- ans, and radiolari- ans 37. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why bryophytes and ferns require water for fertiliza- tion? a. their aquatic ancestors relied on water for gamete dispersal b. they live in areas where water is plentiful c. water is a better medium for transport than air d. Bryophyte gametes are too heavy for dispersal in air e. water protects gametes from UV radiation a. their aquatic an- cestors relied on water for gamete dispersal 38. Which of the following correctly describes the "moss" we see when walking in the woods? a. the diploid sporophyte b. the haploid sporophyte c. the diploid gametophyte d. the haploid gametophyte e. both b and c are correct d. the haploid ga- metophyte 39. Many flower traits are specifically attractive to a cer- tain type of pollinator. For example, the scent of rot- ting flesh is attractive to certain flies and beetles, but not to most other pollinators. What adaptive purpose is served by this kind of "niche marketing" of flowers e. this adaptation helps to assure that pollen will be delivered to an- other flower of 10 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g to specific pollinators? a. this adaptation works to reduce pollinator traffic at a flower, therefore flowers do not have to produce as much nectar to feed big crows of pollinators b. this adaptation reduced pollinator traffic so that flowers have a chance to develop their pollen fuller before it is spread c. this targeting is done because the wrong kind of pollinator might eat all the pollen instead of delivering it to another flower d. this is favored by natural selection because other- wise certain pollinators would starve and die, specific flowers evolve to give these pollinators a steady, re- served food source to help them survive e. this adaptation helps to assure that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species, if less specialized pollinators are used the odds are greater that pollen will wind up on the stigma of a different species the same species, if less special- ized pollinators are used the odds are greater that pollen will wind up on the stigma of a differ- ent species 40. Which one of the following enabled eukaryotes to evolve complex life cycles and programs of multicel- lular development? a. binary fission b. complex patterns of gene regulation c. a dynamic cytoskeleton d. sexual reproduction e. all of the above b. complex pat- terns of gene reg- ulation 41. To which super kingdom do humans belong? a. archaeplastida b. alveolata c. excavata d. opisthokonta e. rhizaria d. opisthokonta 11 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 42. Which of the following options list major events in the history of life on Earth in the proper order, from earliest to most recent? a. first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; colonization of land by plants and fungi; first eukaryotes b. first eukaryotes; photosynthesis; colonization of land by plants and fungi; first prokaryotes c. first prokaryotes; first eukaryotes; photosynthesis; colonization of land by plants and fungi d. first prokaryotes; photosynthesis; first eukaryotes; colonization of land by plants and fungi e. photosynthesis; first prokaryotes; first eukaryotes; colonization of land by plants and fungi d. first prokary- otes; photosynthe- sis; first eukary- otes; colonization of land by plants and fungi 43. This is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes by means of viruses transduction 44. In bacteria, these are the extra-nuclear circular DNA carrying a small number of genes that can replicate independently of the genomic DNA plasmids 45. This is a plant structure in which thousands of cells undergo meiosis, producing large numbers of haploid cells sporangium 46. This term describes giant cells with many nuclei, where nuclear division occurs without partitioning into individual cells coenocytic 47. This described a many celled organism where cells adhere together, but there is little communication or sharing of resources between cells and little differen- tiation into specialized cells simple multi-cellu- larity 48. A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on the criteria of biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly realizes that she can't use this definition of a species when it comes to e. both a and c are potentially correct 12 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g bacteria. Why? a. DNA can be passed down between bacteria of dif- ferent species via horizontal gene transfer b. DNA is never passed between bacteria of a different species c. bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis d. bacteria form pill and, as a result, reproduce asex- ually e. both a and c are potentially correct 49. A researcher discovers a new unicellular organism that contains a single circular chromosome and no membrane bound organelles, upon closer observa- tion the researcher notices that this organism can also fix nitrogen AND produce methane. How should this organism be classified? a. as a bacterium b. as a archaeon c. as a eukaryote d. it is not possible to classify the organism based on this information b. as a archaeon 50. Which one of the following correctly lists features of eukaryotic cells that distinguish them from prokaryot- ic cells? a. a dynamic cytoskeleton, dynamic system of mem- branes, relatively limited metabolic capabilities b. a dynamic cytoskeleton, dynamic systen of mem- branes, flexible, wide ranging metabolic capabilities c. a dynamic cytoskeleton that permits cellular move- ment, the ability to carry out photosynthesis, and the ability to switch from haploid to diploid stages in their life cycle d. both a and c are correct e. all of the above are correct a. a dynamic cytoskeleton, dy- namic system of membranes, rela- tively limited meta- bolic capabilities 13 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 51. To which super kingdom do ancestors of land plants belong? a. archaeplastida b. alveolata c. excavata d. opisthokonta e. rhizaria a. archaeplastida 52. Which of the following features would you expect to see in the flowers of wind pollinated grasses? a. very large, fragrant, white flowers b. petals with UV-absorbing "nectar guides" c. very simple flowers that produce massive quanti- ties of pollen d. red flowers with long nectar tubes e. flowers that smell and look like rotting flesh c. very simple flow- ers that produce massive quantities of pollen 53. The theory of endosymbiosis explains: a. the reason for the human biome b. the mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms, both of which are capable of living inde- pendently c. how bacteria came to inhabit the human intestine d. the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts e. both b and d are correct d. the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts 54. Which of the following organisms has a dominant sporophyte generation and a free living gametophyte generation? a. moss b. fern c. basidiomycete d. conifer e. angiosperm b. fern 14 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g 55. Which type of reproduction is typical in many fungi, particularly fast growing molds and yeast? a. sexual reproduction through mating of two diploid parent mycelia b. sexual reproduction through fusion of two hap- loid parent mycelia and direct production of haploid spores c. asexual reproduction through production of haploid spores by diploid parent d. asexual reproduction through production of hap- loid spores by a haploid parent e. asexual reproduction through production of diploid spores by a haploid parent d. asexual repro- duction through production of hap- loid spores by a haploid parent 56. The ___________ is a flagellated cell that sweeps wa- ter through a sponge's body and is similar to the likely protist ancestor of all animal life a. choanocyte b. amoebocyte c. spicule d. spongin e. sessile body a. choanocyte 57. You find a wormlike soft bodied adult animal in a mud flat, it is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and has a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics what phylum does the animal represent? a. mollusca b. platyhelminthes c. arthropoda d. nematoda e. annelida e. annelida 58. Which one of the following is a characteristic of com- plex multicellular organisms, but not of simple multi- e. all of the above 15 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g cellular organisms? a. the functional specialization of subsets of cells in the organism b. the use of cell adhesion molecules to allow cells to adhere to one another c. the presence of a single cell with multiple nuclei d. the presence of cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment e. all of the above 59. How are nutrients transported through fungi? a. through hyphae, as a result of turgor pressure b. through sieve tubes, as a result of turgor pressure c. through vessel elements, as a result of turgor pres- sure d. through hyphae, as a result of capillary action e. through sieve tubes, as a result of capillary action a. through hyphae, as a result of tur- gor pressure 60. When plasmogamy occurs in two compatible mating types of fungi, a dikaryotic cell is formed in the hy- phae. For some groups of fungi, only one or a few cells are dikaryotic. In the other groups of fungi, a majority of the cells that make up the fungal hyphae are dikaryotic. What might be an advantage of having dikaryotic hyphae? a. dikaryotic hyphae have more uncle and there can be higher rates of transcription and translation and more digestive enzymes made by each cell b. dikaryotic hyphae are able to divide more rapidly than hyphae with only one nuclei c. karyogamy can occur in more than one cell and more fruiting bodes can be produced, increasing the number of spores produced through sexual recombi- nation d. karyogamy can occur more rapidly when a dikary- c. karyogamy can occur in more than one cell and more fruiting bodes can be produced, in- creasing the num- ber of spores produced through sexual recombina- tion 16 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g otic hypha finds an alternative mating type e. all of the above 61. Which of the following statements is true regarding the parasexual cycle demonstrated by some fungi? a. it involves mitotic recombination b. it involves meiotic recombination c. chromosomes are lost until haploid (1n) cells are achieved d. a and c are correct e. all of the above are correct d. a and c are cor- rect 62. Which of the following statements about deuteros- tomes is true a. deuterostomes lack true tissues b. deuterostomes have only two tissue layers c. the opening that forms during deuterostome gas- trulation becomes the anus d. the opening that forms during deuterostome gas- trulation becomes the mouth e. deuterostomes always lack a body cavity d. the opening that forms dur- ing deuterostome gastrulation be- comes the mouth 63. Why was the advent of the amniotic egg so important in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates? a. it made internal fertilization more likely, so it in- creased individual species' fitness b. it completely removed dependence on water for reproduction c. it reinforced pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms d. it increased the number of offspring an individual female could have e. all of the above b. it complete- ly removed depen- dence on water for reproduction 64. An avid naturalist diver has decided to vacation on a remote island, possibly never visited by a human be- fore, with a rocky intertidal zone. While out exploring he comes across a cnidarian that has bilateral sym- d. the presence of three different its layers 17 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g metry. He considers what he knows of the simple phy- logeny of animals. He would like to place this species into the group Bilateral. What one other characteristic would lend support to his placing this organism in the group Bilateria? a. the presence of collagen in its tissues b. the presence of an oral cavity c. the presence of digestive tissues d. the presence of three different its layers e. all of the above 65. Which of the following is a monophyletic group? a. lemurs, lorises, pottos, tarsiers, New World mon- keys, and Old World monkeys b. New Wolrd monkeys and Old World monkeys c. gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees d. orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees e. gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans e. gorillas, chim- panzees, and hu- mans 66. This is the direct cell-to-cell transfer of DNA, usually in the form of a plasmid conjugation 67. This Eukaryotic super kingdom is characterized by organisms with 2 flagella, one with row of stiff hairs and another that is smooth stromenopila 68. This single celled aquatic fungus has chitin walls and is a major threat to amphibian populations worldwide chytrids 69. These structures make up the outermost whorl of a flower, that encase and protect flower during its de- velopment sepal 70. These mammals provide nutrition to the embryo through a temporary organ that develops in the uterus placental 71. Which of the following statements regarding genetic diversity is false? c. genetic diversi- ty is enhanced by 18 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g a. genetic diversity is enhanced by random fertiliza- tion b. genetic diversity is enhanced by independent ori- entation of chromosomes at metaphase 1 c. genetic diversity is enhanced by mitosis of somatic cells d. genetic diversity is enhanced by crossing over dur- ing prophase 1 of meiosis e. genetic diversity is enhanced by random mutations of the DNA mitosis of somatic cells 72. Research since Mendel's time has established that the law of segregation of genes during games formation a. applies to all forms of life b. applies to all sexually reproducing organisms c. applies to all asexually reproducing organisms d. applies only to unicellular organisms e. is invalid b. applies to all sexually reproduc- ing organisms 73. The mechanism that "breaks" the linkage between linked genes is a. complete dominance b. pleiotrophy c. codominance d. crossing over e. independent assortment d. crossing over 74. In pea plants flowers are either white or purple; the purple color is produced by pigments called antho- cyanins. The production of anthocyanin is a two step process; the first is controlled by the C gene and the second by the P gene. Both genes must produce functional proteins for anthocyanin to be produced. For each gene, the dominant (C and P) alleles produce functional proteins. Which of the following genotypes will produce white (no pigment) flowers? e. ccPP and CCpp 19 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g a. ccPP b. CcPP c. CCpp d. ccPP and CcPP e. ccPP and CCpp 75. Inbred lines of animals, such as laboratory mice, are useful for studying complex traits because: a. individuals are genetically identical, so differences in traits must be due to environmental differences b. although individuals differ both genetically and en- vironmentally, the genetic differences are known, so differences in traits can be understood c. animals are kept in identical environments so any differences in traits are due to differences in their genes d. both genetic and environmental differences be- tween individuals are known, making differences in their traits easy to understand e. none of these choices are correct a. individuals are genetically identi- cal, so differences in traits must be due to environ- mental differences 76. Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future gen- erations in a population of a sexually reproducing species? a. a small population b. little gene flow with surrounding populations c. a tendency on the part of females to mate with the healthiest males d. frequent interbreeding with individuals from a sec- ond population with different values of p and q e. mutations that alter the gene pool b. little gene flow with surrounding populations 77. After a copper smelter begins operation, local popula- tions of plants downwind of the plant begin to adapt to c. directional se- lection 20 / 25

Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g the resulting air pollution. Scientists document for ex- ample that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted area. This is an example of a response to a. stabilizing selection b. diversifying selection c. directional selection d. genetic drift e. heterozygote advantage 78. Blue-Footed boobies have webbed feet and are com- ically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as a. an example of a trait that is poorly adapted b. the outcome of a trade off: webbed feet preform poorly on land, but are helpful in diving for food c. an example of a trait that has not evolved d. a curiosity that has little to teach us regarding evolution e. one of the unsolved mysteries of nature b. the outcome of a trade off: webbed feet preform poor- ly on land, but are helpful in diving for food 79. The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a splinter population is ___________ and ______________ the broader range of the species a. large, continues with b. large, nearby c. large, isolated from d. small, nearby e. small, isolated from e. small, isolated from 80. An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are sig- nificantly larger or smaller than the average size. The average antler size remains constant over the gen- erations. Which of the following effects prop baby b. stabilizing selec- tion 21 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g amounts for this situation? a. directional selection b. stabilizing selection c. a bottleneck effect that resulted in low genetic di- versity d. the founder effect e. a high rate of gene flow 81. A bacteriologist is studying two asexually repro- ducing strains of E. coli. The two require differ- ent amounts of trace minerals for survival; on the grounds, the bacteriologist determines that they are separate species. In making his determination, he is using which species concept or concepts? Select all that apply a. biological species concept b. ecological species concept c. morphological species concept d. evolutionary species concept e. none of these b. ecological species concept 82. In a hybrid zone, ___________ can occur if the repro- ducing barrier between two species is weak, as seen among cichlids in the murky water of Lake Victoria a. reinforcement b. allopatric speciation c. sympatric speciation d. reproductive isolation e. fusion e. fusion 83. Anti-evolutionary thinkers sometimes argue that nat- ural selection could not produce a complex structure like the vertebrate eye. They claim that all of the parts of the eye must have arisen at once asking why natural selection would favor the development of part of an eye that is not yet capable of forming a focused image. b. There are many intermediate stages of eye com- plexity that fulfill different adaptive functions 22 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g Which of the following statements is consistent with a survey of eye structure in the mollusks? a. The argument has a great deal of merit only full-blown image forming eyes are present in modern organisms b. There are many intermediate stages of eye complex- ity that fulfill different adaptive functions c. The vertebrate eye must have arisen by a very dra- matic single mutation within the eyeless ancestor d. The vertebrate eye is the ancestral form and other types of organisms have degenerate eyes that have lost most of their original structure and function e. The vertebrate eye was completely distinct from the eyes found in mollusks and other invertebrates 84. In accordance with the principle of parsimony, scien- tists prefer a. simpler phylogenetic trees that minimize the num- ber of evolutionary changes b. complex phylogenetic trees in which adaptations repeatedly arise disappear and reappear c. phylogenetic trees with many small clades to those with a few major clades d. phylogenetic trees to non phylogenetic classifica- tions e. the Linnaean system of nomenclature to the use of common names a. simpler phylo- genetic trees that minimize the num- ber of evolutionary changes 85. Which of the following would tend to promote adap- tive radiation? a. an area has a high number of species that exploit most of the available ecological opportunities b. an organism has a very stable set of features and capabilities over long spans of evolutionary time c. an organism colonizes an isolated area that is hab- itable but relatively devoid of life c. an organism col- onizes an isolated area that is habit- able but relatively devoid of life 23 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g d. an organism colonies an area that already has a high level of existing species diversity e. a single species goes extinct but it has several com- petitors that quickly expand to assume its ecological roles 86. In a phylogenetic tree, a node or branching point rep- resents: a. the species in the fossil record from which the descendent species diverged b. one of the descendent species in the phylogeny c. the ancestral species from which all species in the phylogeny arose d. the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged e. a node could be any of these depending on the nature of the phylogenetic tree d. the common an- cestor from which the descendent species diverged 87. This type of dominance pattern leads to heterozy- gotes to express an intermediate blend of both domi- nant and recessive alleles incomplete domi- nance 88. This describes natural selection that acts to maintain two or more alleles of a given even in a population balancing selec- tion 89. This describes a population that exhibits only one allele for a given even after the elimination of the other allele fixed population 90. This type of speciation event occurs when two species arise within the same geographic range of the parental species sympatric specia- tion 91. This describes the process in which a geographical barrier arises within a single population, separating it into two or more subpopulations vicariance 92. exaptation 24 / 25

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Bio 226 Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2ugz3g This term describes the gradual adaptation of existing structures to new functions and can be important in the evolution of complex organs or traits 93. This describes the proportion of the total variation in a trait that is due to genetic differences among individuals heritability 94. This term describes mutations that have little or no impact on the organism's ability to survive and repro- duce neutral mutation 25 / 25

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